11. 1455-1485 The War of Roses

• Who fought? The House of Lancaster vs. the House of York fought a civil war in England.

• WHY DID THEY FIGHT? For the English throne.

• WHY THE NAME? Lancaster's badge had a red rose in it and York's a white rose.

• the first open fighting broke out in 1455 at the First Battle of St Albans

• THE BATTLES OF THE WAR OF THE ROSES:

  • Battle of Barnet

April 14, 1471 - Edward IV (York) defeats Henry VI (Lancaster)

• Battle of Tewkesbury

May 4, 1471 - Edward IV wins again

• Who WON, WHO LOST THE WAR OF THE ROSES? Lancaster won. Henry Tudor became king as Henry VII.

• Margaret of Anjou: wife of Henry VI; important marriage – as the end of Hundred Year’s War

• Bosworth, 1485: this battle ended War of Roses

• The result of the war of roses was an ultimate Tudor victory over the Yorks.

11. Henry VIII

• Henry VIII was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was Lord, and later King, of Ireland, as well as continuing the nominal claim by the English monarchs to the Kingdom of France. Henry was the second monarch of the House of Tudor, succeeding his father, Henry VII.

Name	Where from	Who	What happened	Notes	Children
Catherine of Aragon	Spain	Spanish Queen	At the age of 3 married to Prince Arthur		Mary I of England
Anne Boleyn	England	A servant	Died [beheaded] in Tower of London	The Pope wouldn’t allow the divorce	Elizabeth I
Jane Seymour	From an old and noble family	The great grandfather of King Edward III of England	Death from complications of childbirth	Served Catherine of Aragon	Edward
Anne of Cleves	Germany	German princess	divorced	Didn’t speak English and know who Henry VIII was	-
Katherine Howard	England	A cousin of Anne Boleyn	beheaded	Alleged adultery with Thomas Culpepper	-
Kathryn Parr	England	The daughter of Sir Thomas Parr of Kendal; direct descendant of King Edward III of England	Henry died	married Thomas Seymour	Mary Seymour

• Besides his six marriages, Henry VIII is known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church. Henry's struggles with Rome led to the separation of the Church of England from papal authority, the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and establishing himself as the Supreme Head of the Church of England.

• Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset (15 June 1519 – 23 July 1536), was the son of King Henry VIII of England and his teenage mistress, Elizabeth Blount, the only illegitimate offspring whom Henry acknowledged.

• Henry VIII died in 1547; in his will he stated that his 3 children [Edward, Mary and Elizabeth] should succeed him; they did within 11 years

• Edward was a keen protestant and hated his sister Mary who was a keen Catholic

• In his will he said that Jane Grey [relative of Tudors] should rule after his death

• Jane ruled 9 days and was killed by Mary