Vocabulary

hesitate (1) to pause before saying or doing something because you are not sure or nervous

(2) to be unwilling to do something because you are not sure that it is right

waver to be or become weak or uncertain, which causes a delay in taking action
falter to speak in a voice that sounds weak and uncertain, and keeps stopping
be in two minds (informal) to be unable to make a decision about something
hesitant uncertain about what to do or say because you are nervous or unwilling
irresolute (formal) unable to decide what to do; uncertain
indecisive unable to make clear decisions or choices
undecided not having made a decision about something important
in doubt uncertain about something
tentative done without confidence
indecision | indecisiveness the state of being unable to decide what to do

back out to decide not to do something that you promised to do
back down | back off (esp. AmE) to accept defeat in an argument, opinion, or claim
go back on to break or not succeed in keeping to an agreement or promise
take back to admit that you were wrong to say something

Permission and prohibition

	= John: Could I possibly use your car?
	Peter: Yes, of course.
	= John asked permission to borrow Peter’s car and Peter allowed him to do so.

	= John: You mustn’t ever smoke here again.
	= John forbade Peter to smoke there.

Patterns

John let Peter drive his car.
John allowed Peter to leave the house.
John didn’t allow			dogs in the house. Peter out after dark. music after ten at night.
John permitted Peter					to leave the house. access to the confidential files.
John didn’t permit				dogs in the house. Peter(’s) leaving the house.
John gave/granted Peter permission to stay away from the meeting.
Peter had (John’s) permission to stay away from the meeting.
John authorised		Peter to act for him. (the) payment of the bill. Peter’s paying the bill.
John gave/granted Peter (the) authorisation to pay the bill.
John gave Peter the go-ahead/the green light to continue his research.
Peter got the go-ahead/the green light (from John) to continue his research.
John applied to the manager for permission to stay away from the meeting.
John asked permission to go.
John asked	to get up/to see the manager. to be excused. that they (should) be allowed to leave. that they might leave.

II.

Peter to smoke.

Peter from smoking.

Peter’s departure.

Peter the use of the fax machine. (formal)

his children sweets. (formal)

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