
- •Нижний Новгород 2003
- •Contents
- •Preface
- •General points of grammar and usage
- •Indirect statements
- •In past reported speech adverbs and adverbial phrases of time change as follows.
- •Indirect questions
- •Indirect imperatives
- •Reporting a conversation
- •Representing functions in speech Functions of communication
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Introduction
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Invitation
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Functions of thinking and reasoning
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Functions of showing attitude
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Functions of expressing emotion
- •Interest and indifference
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Patterns
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Functions of volition
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Insistence and compulsion
- •Vocabulary
- •Способы передачи чужой речи в английском языке
Vocabulary
hint | intimate (formal) to say something in an indirect way, but so that someone can guess what you mean
imply to say in an indirect way that something is true
insinuate to say something which seems to mean something unpleasant without saying it directly
innuendo an indirect remark about something bad that someone has done
Concealing information
Patterns
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concealed hid |
his thoughts (from his wife). the fact that he hadn’t been to Italy. |
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covered up hushed up smothered up |
the scandal. the fact that Peter had lied. |
Vocabulary
hide | hold back | keep (back) to deliberately not tell people information
conceal (formal) to hide something carefully
cover up | hush up | smother up (informal) to prevent the public from knowing about something dishonest or immoral
Functions of thinking and reasoning
Forming and expressing opinions
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= John: I think Peter’s a reliable chap. |
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= John thought (that) Peter was a reliable person. |
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John expressed his opinion that Peter was a reliable person. |
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= The speaker: I’m convinced that what the country needs is a market economy. It’s absolutely necessary for a country like ours. Here are some of the arguments in support of this view. |
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= The speaker argued the case for a market economy. |
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The speaker argued that their country needed a market economy. |
Patterns
I.
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thought believed supposed considered assumed presumed |
(to be) very clever. (to be) a clever man. to be able to do it. to be planning to go into business. to know the truth. to have done the job properly. |
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made proceeded on went on was going on acted on |
the assumption the presumption the supposition |
that Peter would resign. |
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had held entertained harboured |
an opinion a view a firm conviction |
that no revolution was feasible. |
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expressed offered presented put forward voiced advocated ventured |
the opinion the view the conviction |
that no revolution was feasible. |
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regarded looked at looked on |
Peter as very clever. Peter as a very clever man. Peter with disapproval/contempt/the greatest admiration. |
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Peter’s age. at Peter’s age. Peter to be thirty. (that) Peter was thirty. how old Peter was/what Peter’s weight was. |
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Peter to be thirty. that Peter was thirty. |
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Peter’s age. (that) Peter was thirty. |
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made expressed had (BrE) took (AmE) ventured hazarded |
a guess |
at Peter’s age. that Peter would win the match. |
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made expressed ventured hazarded |
a conjecture a surmise a supposition |
that Peter would be given the job. |
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II.
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soundly/logically. the matter pro and con/for hours on end. for/against the new policy. the case for a market economy. that poverty was a virtue. |
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presented offered put forward pressed drove home |
arguments |
for/against the proposal. for/against accepting the proposal. |
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refuted confuted rebutted |
the argument that driving was dangerous. |
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made passed dropped shouted out repeated heard |
complimentary favourable shrewd casual critical rude ironic |
comments remarks |
on/about Peter. on/about his story. |
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III.
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Peter/Peter’s offer. accepting Peter’s offer. whether Peter should be invited. |
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about/on the world’s future. about/on/as to what might happen. about/on why Peter had done it. (about/on) whether there would be a war. that the two events might be linked. |
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the problem. what to do/how to do it. how it might have happened. |
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(on/over) the problem. (on/over) rejecting the offer. whether to reject the offer. |
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(on the matter). (revenge). (taking revenge on Peter). |
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Peter/his misfortunes. how it might have happened. whether it was true. |
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Peter’s suggestion. making a trip to London. how to do it/where to go. how it should be done. the fact that Peter might not come back. |
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revenge/sweeping reforms. reforming the health-care system. a great deal of opposition from Peter. |
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was |
deep absorbed engrossed immersed lost |
in thought/contemplation. in sad thoughts. |
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suggested itself to John. came to mind. crossed John’s mind. |
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