- •Нижний Новгород 2003
- •Contents
- •Preface
- •General points of grammar and usage
- •Indirect statements
- •In past reported speech adverbs and adverbial phrases of time change as follows.
- •Indirect questions
- •Indirect imperatives
- •Reporting a conversation
- •Representing functions in speech Functions of communication
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Introduction
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Invitation
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Functions of thinking and reasoning
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Functions of showing attitude
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Functions of expressing emotion
- •Interest and indifference
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Patterns
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Functions of volition
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Insistence and compulsion
- •Vocabulary
- •Способы передачи чужой речи в английском языке
Vocabulary
begin | start to (cause to) go into a state of activity
start off (informal) to (cause to) begin doing something, such as speaking at length
strike up to begin a relationship or conversation, usually informal
continue | keep (on) to (cause to) go on over a longer period of time without stopping
go on (1) to continue what you have been doing
(2) pass on | move on to do something after you have finished doing something else
carry on (esp. BrE) to continue, especially in spite of an interruption or difficulties
stop | leave off (informal) to (cause to) no longer continue an activity
finish | end (off) | conclude (rather formal) to come or bring something to an end
be/get through with to bring something to an end
wind up to bring something to an orderly end
interrupt to stop someone from continuing what they are saying or doing by suddenly speaking or doing something else
intervene to interrupt, especially to prevent a bad result
cut short to interrupt someone who is talking
cut off to interrupt someone or something
break off to suddenly stop doing something, especially speaking
break in | cut in (informal) to join a conversation by interrupting someone or saying something suddenly
break into | cut into to interrupt an activity by saying or doing something
put in | throw in | toss in to interrupt someone in order to say something
interpose (formal) to say something between the parts of a conversation or argument
interject (formal) to interrupt what someone else is saying with a sudden remark
intersperse to put something in between pieces of speech or writing
Greeting and leave-taking
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= Mr Fox: Good morning, Mr Jackson. |
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Mr Jackson: Good morning. How are you? |
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Mr Fox: Very well, thank you. And how are you? |
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Mr Jackson: Quite well, thanks. |
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= Mr Fox and Mr Jackson greeted each other. |
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= Mary: Hello, Anne. Nice to see you at my place. |
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Anne: Hello, Mary. Nice to see you, too. |
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= Mary welcomed Anne (to her place). |
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= Lecturer: Good morning, everyone. Today’s lecture deals with recent trends in education. |
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= The lecturer greeted the audience and announced the topic of his lecture.
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= Brian: I’m afraid I must be going now. |
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Susan: Must you really? |
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Brian: Yes, I’m afraid so. I’ve got an appointment. |
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Susan: Well, I won’t keep you then. |
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Brian: Goodbye. |
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Susan: Goodbye. |
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= Brian and Susan said goodbye to each other. |
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Brian took (his) leave (of Susan). |
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Brian said goodbye to Susan and left. |
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Brian bade Susan goodbye and left. |
Patterns
I.
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Peter (by saying/shouting a friendly hello). Mary with a friendly hello/smile/kiss. |
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gave bade extended |
us a |
warm cordial hearty enthusiastic friendly sincere cold |
greeting. welcome. |
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gave bade extended |
a warm greeting/welcome to us. |
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a |
warm cold |
welcome |
(from the Mayor). (to their new country). |
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II.
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Note. Words of greeting or leave-taking may be preceded or followed by such words as How are you?, How are you getting on?, How’s life?, Nice to see you, Haven’t seen you for ages, I’m afraid I must be off. These are not necessarily reported.