(Perfect tenses)

1. Образование утвердительной формы

PERSON	PRESENT PERFECT	PAST PERFECT	FUTURE PERFECT
	to have in the Present Indefinite + Participle II	to have in the Past Indefinite + Participle II	to have in the Future Indefinite + Participle II
I	have worked (done)	had worked (done)	shall have worked (done)
You	have worked (done)	had worked (done)	will have worked (done)
He	has worked (done)	had worked (done)	will have worked (done)
She	has worked (done)	had worked (done)	will have worked (done)
It	has worked (done)	had worked (done)	will have worked (done)
We	have worked (done)	had worked (done)	shall have worked (done)
You	have worked (done)	had worked (done)	will have worked (done)
They	have worked (done)	had worked (done)	will have worked (done)

2. Образование отрицательной и вопросительной форм. Краткие ответы.

TENSE	AFFIRMATIVE FORM	NEGATIVE FORM	INTERROGATIVE FORM	SHORT ANSWERS
Present Perfect	He has done this work.	He hasn’t done this work.	Has he done this work?	Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t
Past Perfect	He had done this work.	He hadn’t done this work.	Had he done this work?	Yes, he had. No, he hadn’t
Future Perfect	He will have done this work.	He won’t have done this work.	Will he have done this work?	Yes, he will. No, he won’t.

3.Употребление

TENSE	USAGE	EXAMPLES
Present Perfect	употребляется: 1) когда говорящий хочет подчеркнуть результат того или иного действия, а не само действие (часто используется с наречиями just, yet, already, ever, never): 2) для выражения действия, произошедшего в период времени, который к моменту речи еще не закончился (часто с обстоятельствами today, this morning, this week, this summer, this year и т.п.): 3) для выражения действия, которое произошло в прошлом более, чем один раз: 4) для выражения действия, которое началось в прошлом и все еще продолжается в настоящем (часто с обстоятельствами lately, recently, for two hours, for three days, for a long time, с предлогом since)	I have lost my key (= I haven’t got it now). Have you ever been to London? Вы когда-либо были в Лондоне? I have never been to London. Я никогда не была в Лондоне. He has already passed his exams. Он уже сдал экзамены. I have just sent him a message. Я только что послал ему сообщение. I haven’t done it yet. Я еще это не сделал. I haven’t seen her this morning. Утром я ее не видел (разговор происходит утром). Сравните: I didn’t see her this morning Сегодня утром я ее не видел (разговор происходит днем или вечером) He has seen this movie three times. Он смотрел этот фильм три раза. She has lived in this house for twenty years (She still lives there). Она живет в этом доме двадцать лет. She has lived in the same house since 1996 (She still lives there). Она живет в этом доме с 1996 года.
Past Perfect	употребляется для выражения действия, которое произошло до определенного момента в прошлом (этот момент может быть выражен указанием на момент времени с предлогом by или с помощью придаточного предложения):	He had finished this work by the evening. Он закончил эту работу к вечеру. He told us yesterday that he had finished the experiment. Вчера он нам сказал, что он закончил эксперимент.
Future Perfect	употребляется для выражения действия, которое будет закончено к определенному моменту в будущем:	He will have finished this work by the evening. Он закончит эту работу к вечеру.

EXERCISES

1. Make up sentences according to the patterns:

Pattern 1: To give him an advice (she).

She has just given him an advice.

1. To see the professor who delivers lectures on programming (I). 2. To explain the students the solution of this difficult problem (The professor). 3. To be to the library (We). 4. To print out the document (He). 4. To make this experiment (The students). 5. To put information into a computer (I).

Pattern 2: To give him an advice (she).

She has already given him an advice.

1. To scan this information (They). 2. To be to the computer class (He). 3. To have a meeting with a professor (We). 4. To choose a profession (Her son). 5. To install a new device (I).

Pattern 3: To install a program (I).

I haven’t installed a program yet.

1. To search for the information in the Internet (We). 2. To listen to the lectures on computer viruses (The students of our group). 3. To learn to compile programs (I). 4. To prepare for the exam (She). 6. To send a message (He).

Pattern 4: They (to install a program).

Have they ever installed a program?

1. He (to be in the USA). 2. She (to be in Rome). 3. You (to hear about computer spy programs). 4. You (to take part in the scientific conference). 5. You (to study information theory). 6. She (to read about the latest achievements in computer science).

Pattern 5: They haven’t missed the lectures.

They have never missed the lectures.

1. I haven’t read about computer crimes. 2. She hasn’t been to the scientific conference. 3. He hasn’t been to that research laboratory. 4. I haven’t been to this computer class 5. They haven’t heard about the non-Euclidian geometry. 6. I haven’t seen her reading scientific articles.

2. Use the Present Perfect or Past Simple.

1. I (to send) her a message last night. 2. He (to read) about a hypertext system before. 3. Professor N. (to work) in the same place for thirty-five years and he is not planning to retire yet. 4. He (to solve) this complicated problem. 5. The students of our group (to pass) exams successfully last term. 6. He (pass) his examination in mathematical analysis today. 7. We (not to discuss) this problem yet. 8. She (receive) a message from her friend lately. 9. She (receive) a message from her friend three days ago. 10. We (read) many books on this problem this year.

TEST

One sentence has a mistake. Choose the correct sentence and write down its number and letter.

	I saw our dean yesterday. I’ve seen our dean yesterday.
	Did you ever compile programs? Have you ever compiled programs?
	This student won the competition last month. This student has won the competition last month.
	I’ve never wrote essays. I’ve never written essays.
	He has ever been to this scientific laboratory. He has never been to this scientific laboratory.
	Did they study at secondary school five years ago? Have they study at secondary school five years ago?
	He has wrote a lot of scientific papers. He has written a lot of scientific papers.
	Did he write a book devoted to computers last year? Has he written a book devoted to computers last year?

3. Use the Past Perfect or Past Simple.

1. I (to finish) my geometry test by the end of the lesson. 2. I (to pass) all my credit-tests two days ago. 3. We (to wait) for ten minutes before the professor came. 4. My friend (to study) at the University after he had graduated from the college. 5. After my sister (to make) some calls she began to play computer games. 6. Yesterday he (to be) busy. He is always as busy as a bee. 7. After I (to pass) all the exams I (to go) to the beach together with my friends. 8. The student (to read) an article about computer viruses by Friday.

4. Choose the correct sentence

1. Вы представите результаты эксперимента к пяти часам?

1. Will you have presented the results of the experiment by 5 p.m.?

2. Will you present the results of the experiment by 5 p.m.?

3. Will you be presenting the results of the experiment by 5 p.m.?

2. Студенты решили уравнения к концу занятия.

a) The students have solved the equations by the end of the lesson.

b) The students had solved the equations by the end of the lesson.

c) The students solved the equations by the end of the lesson.

3. Вы закончите работу к двум часам, не так ли?

a) You will complete (finish) the work by two o’clock, won’t you?

b) You’ll have completed (finished) the work by two o’clock, won’t you?

c) You’ll be completed (finished) the work by two o’clock, won’t you?

4. К тому времени, когда вы приедете, он уже выполнит исследование.

a) By the time you will arrive (come) he had already done his research.

b) By the time you will arrive (come) he will have already done his research.

c) By the time you arrive (come) he will have already done his research.

5. Он уже сдал экзамен по математике.

a) He had already passed his exam in mathematics.

b) He has already passed his exam in mathematics.

c) He passed his exam in mathematics already.

6. Я еще не послал ей письмо по электронной почте. Я пошлю его к вечеру.

1. I haven’t sent her e-mail message yet. I’ll have sent it by the evening.

2. I hadn’t sent her e-mail message yet. I’ll have sent it by the evening.

3. I didn’t send her e-mail message yet. I’ll send it by the evening.

5. Add the adverbial modifier.

1. I translate articles – every day

2. I am translating articles – every week

3. I have translated articles – next week

4. I translated articles – last week

5. I was translating articles – usually

6. I had translated an article – sometimes

7. I’ll translate articles – now

8. I’ll be translating articles – right now

9. I’ll have translated an article – already

– just

– yesterday

– at 2 p.m. yesterday

– by 2 p.m. yesterday

– tomorrow

– at 2 p.m. tomorrow

– by 2 p.m. tomorrow.

6. Choose the proper form of the verb-predicate and translate the sentences into English.

1. Он всегда готовится к экзаменам заранее. 1) reads for

2. Он готовился к экзаменам, когда мы пришли. 2) is reading for

3. В то время, когда он готовился к экзаменам, она 3) has read for

играла в компьютерные игры. 4) read for

4. Он будет готовиться к экзаменам завтра. 5) was reading for

5. Он уже достаточно подготовился к экзаменам. 6) had read for

6. Он уже достаточно подготовится к экзаменам до 7) will read for

того, как мы придем. 8) will be reading for

7. Он подготовился к экзаменам вчера. 9) will have read for

8. Очевидно, он будет готовиться к экзаменам

в 6 часов вечера.

9. Он готовится к экзаменам сейчас.

TEST