(Impersonal sentences)

TYPES OF IMPERSONAL SENTENCES	EXAMPLES
1. С формальным подлежащим it	It is hot. – Жарко. It is freezing. – Морозит. It is raining now. – Сейчас идет дождь. It often rains in summer. – Летом часто идет дождь.
2. С реальным подлежащим it	It is difficult to translate this article. Трудно переводить эту статью. It is no use going there so early. Бесполезно идти туда так рано. Такие предложения переводятся на русский язык с помощью безличных предложений: Трудно …, Бесполезно…., Странно… .

ФУНКЦИИ IT.

FUNCTIONS	EXAMPLES
1. It используется как личное местоимение для замены существительного:	London is the capital of Great Britain. It lies on the river Thames. Лондон-столица Великобритании. Он расположен на реке Темзе.
2. It используется в значении «это», выполняя функцию указательного местоимения:	What’s it? – It’s our experiment. Что это? – Это наш эксперимент.
3. It служит формальным подлежащим (на русский язык не переводится):	It is cold in winter. Холодно зимой.
4. It служит реальным подлежащим (на русский язык не переводится):	It is difficult to translate this article. Трудно переводить эту статью.
5. It используется в эмфатических предложениях:	It was John who told me the truth. Это был (именно) Джон, кто сказал мне правду.

EXERCISES

1. Change according to the pattern.

Pattern: It is rainy.

It is raining. It rains.

1. It was rainy. 2. It is snowy. 3. It will be snowy. 4. It is frosty. 5. It was frosty.

2. Translate into English.

1. Осенью часто идет дождь. 2. Сейчас идет дождь. Возьми зонтик, пожалуйста. 3. В прошлом месяце часто шел дождь. 4. Завтра будет дождь. 5. Дождь идет, как из ведра (to rain cats and dogs or to rain heavily). 6. Раннее утро. Тепло. 7. Еще рано. 8. Уже поздно. 9. Был поздний вечер, но было тепло. 10. Часто ли идет снег зимой? 11. Сегодня тепло? 12. Сегодня ни жарко, и не холодно. 13. Завтра уже будет поздно. 14. Когда шел дождь в последний раз? 15. Если будет дождь, мы останемся дома.

3. Translate into Russian.

1. It is difficult to answer your questions. 2. It’s not easy to prove this theorem. 3. It’s necessary to read for the exams in advance. 4. It is important to solve this problem. 5. It is interesting to read about the latest achievements in science. 6. It’s nice of you to help me with the experiment. 7. It’s usual to read theoretical articles before making experiments. 8. It’s of no use talking to him.

4. Translate into English.

1. Очень важно все делать вовремя. 2. Трудно ли научиться читать по-английски? 3. Трудно научиться говорить по-английски бегло, не правда ли? 4. Разве не важно знать иностранный язык? 5. Разве не важно быть начитанным в этой области науки? 6. Интересно слушать лекции по математическому анализу. 7. Трудно ли было сдавать экзамены? 8. Было бесполезно звонить ей. Ее не было дома.

5. Find and translate the sentences which correspond the following patterns

Pattern 1: A computer is an electronic device. It can store information.

Компьютер – это электронное устройство. Он может

сохранять информацию.

Pattern 2: It was the day I couldn’t forget.

Это был день, который я не могла забыть.

Pattern 3: It is important to read for exams in advance.

Важно готовиться к экзаменам заранее.

Pattern 4: It was the prize he had got at the Olympic Games.

Именно этот приз он получил на Олимпийских играх.

1. It is the method that the scientist applied to get reliable results. 2. It is necessary

to use reliable methods of investigation. 3. It was Mike who had made me a call. 4. It was the first of May. 5. It is surprising to find that he misses lectures. 6. It is programming that interests him. 7. Information is stored in the computer and later it is searched for retrieval. 8. It is necessary to install antivirus program. 9. It is the program that can protect your computer from viruses. 10. A laser printer is an output device. It prints out documents very quickly. 11. It was Euclid who had made a great contribution to geometry. 12. Algebra is a branch of mathematics. It deals with equations. 13. It was the happiest day in my life. 14. It is important to solve this difficult problem.

TEXT 1

THE INSTITUTE OF MATHEMATICS, ECONOMICS

AND INFORMATICS

The Institute of Mathematics, Economics and Informatics began as the joint faculty of physics and mathematics founded in 1919; later it was divided into the faculty of physics and the faculty of mathematics. Professor V.V. Vasiliev was the founder and the first dean of the mathematical faculty. In 1994 mathematicians-economists began to be trained at the faculty. In 1999 it was reformed in the Institute of Mathematics and Economics of Irkutsk State University and in 2005 it got the name of the Institute of Mathematics, Economics and Informatics.

The Institute of Mathematics, Economics and Informatics trains specialists for different branches of industry and research laboratories, and teachers for secondary schools and higher educational establishments. The students of the Institute specialize in pure mathematics, computer administration, applied mathematics, and mathematical methods in economics. As pure mathematics is an investigation of mathematical theories and ideas the students of the department of pure mathematics deal with the study of fundamental laws in mathematics. The students of the departments of computer administration and applied mathematics are concerned with the application of mathematical theories to practical things. One of the most important subjects for them is discrete mathematics. Discrete mathematics is the common name for the fields of mathematics used in theoretical computer science. This includes computability theory, computational complexity theory, and information theory. Computability theory examines the limitations of various theoretical models of the computer. Complexity theory is the study of tractability by computer. Information science is concerned with the amount of data that can be stored on a given medium, and hence concepts such as compression and entropy. The students of the department of mathematical methods in economics specialize in economics as well as in mathematics. Economics is the study of how man uses resources to satisfy his needs. It is a vast field of study comprising knowledge of social and mathematical disciplines. Mathematical statistics plays an important role in training future economists. It allows the description, analysis, and prediction of economic phenomena.

The students of the Institute devote a lot of time to theoretical and practical work in their chosen fields. The students also carry out research in all branches of mathematics and economics. They receive a comprehensive guidance for their future work from the academic staff, which is headed by doctors of sciences and candidates of sciences.

TASKS

1. a) Give Russian equivalents of the words. Transcribe them.

1. economics (n.)

2. theory (n.)

3. useful (adj.)

4. science (n.)

5. complexity (n.)

6. various (adj.)

7. medium (n.)

8. concept (n.)

9. entropy (n.)

10. resource (n.)

11. vast (adj.)

12. discipline (n.)

13. guidance (n.)

b) Give Russian equivalents of:

1. computability theory

2. computational complexity theory

3. information theory

4. the study of tractability

5. compression and entropy

2. Give English equivalents of:

1. совместный (объединенный) факультет физики и математики

2. позднее

3. быть разделенным

4. основатель

5. декан

6. математический факультет

7. готовить на факультете

8. получить имя

9. для различных областей (отраслей)

10. научно-исследовательская лаборатория

11. средняя школа

12. высшее учебное заведение

13. специализироваться в

14. чистая математика

15. прикладная математика

16. администрирование компьютеров

17. математические методы в экономике

18. исследование математических теорий

19. студенты отделения

20. иметь дело с изучением фундаментальных законов математики

21. иметь дело с применением математических теорий на практике

22. общее название

23. изучать ограничения

24. количество данных

25. также как и

26. использовать ресурсы

27. удовлетворять потребности

28. включать знания

29. играть важную роль

30. готовить будущих экономистов

31. предсказание экономических явлений

32. посвящать много времени

33. в избранной области

34. выполнять исследование

35. получать квалифицированное руководство

36. будущая работа

37. профессорско-преподавательский состав

38. возглавлять

39. доктор наук

40. кандидат наук

3. Find synonyms to the following words:

to prepare, to get, branch, higher school, research, to be concerned with, to study, to comprise, different, to do research

4. Translate the sentences paying attention to the functions of it.

1. The Institute of Mathematics, Economics and Informatics began as the joint faculty of physics and mathematics founded in 1919; later it was divided into the faculty of physics and the faculty of mathematics.

2. Economics is the study of how man uses resources to satisfy his needs. It is a vast field of study comprising knowledge of social and mathematical disciplines.

3. Mathematical statistics plays an important role in the training of future economists. It allows the description, analysis, and prediction of economic phenomena.

5. Read and translate the text.

6. Insert in the prepositions or adverbs

The Institute of Mathematics, Economics and Informatics began as the joint faculty____ physics and mathematics founded ___ 1919; later it was divided ___ the faculty ____ physics and the faculty ___mathematics. Professor V.V. Vasiliev was the founder and the first dean____ the mathematical faculty. ___ 1994 mathematicians-economists began to be trained____ the faculty. ___ 1999 it was reformed____ the Institute ____ Mathematics and Economics____ Irkutsk State University and ____ 2005 it got the name____ the Institute____ Mathematics, Economics and Informatics.

The Institute____ Mathematics, Economics and Informatics trains specialists ____ different branches____ industry and research laboratories, and teachers ____secondary schools and higher educational establishments. The students____ the Institute specialize____ pure mathematics, computer administration, applied mathematics, and mathematical methods ____ economics. As pure mathematics is an investigation _____mathematical theories and ideas the students____ the department____ pure mathematics deal ____ the study____ fundamental laws ____ mathematics. The students____ the departments ____computer administration and applied mathematics are concerned ____ the application _____mathematical theories ____ practical things. One ___ the most important subjects ___ them is discrete mathematics. Discrete mathematics is the common name ___ the fields ____mathematics used ____ theoretical computer science. This includes computability theory, computational complexity theory, and information theory. Computability theory examines the limitations____ various theoretical models____ the computer. Complexity theory is the study ____tractability ____ computer. Information science is concerned____ the amount ____data that can be stored____ a given medium, and hence concepts such as compression and entropy. The students____ the department of mathematical methods ___ economics specialize____ economics as well as in mathematics. Economics is the study of how man uses resources to satisfy his needs. It is a vast field____ study comprising knowledge____ social and mathematical disciplines. Mathematical statistics plays an important role ___ training future economists. It allows the description, analysis, and prediction ____ economic phenomena.

The students ____ the Institute devote a lot ___ time ____ theoretical and practical work ____ their chosen fields. The students also carry ____research in all branches ____ mathematics and economics. They receive a comprehensive guidance ____ their future work ___ the academic staff, which is headed ___ doctors ____ sciences and candidates___ sciences.

7. Match dates and events.

DATES

1. 1919

2. 1994

3. 1999

4. 2005

EVENTS

1. It is the date when the faculty of mathematics was reformed in the Institute of Mathematics and Economics of Irkutsk State University.

2. It is the date when the Institute of Mathematics, Economics and Informatics was founded.

3. It is the date when the Institute got the name of the Institute of Mathematics, Economics and Informatics.

4. It is the date when mathematicians-economists began to be trained at the faculty.

8. Develop the statements.

1. The Institute of Mathematics, Economics and Informatics was founded in 1919.

2. The students of the Institute specialize in pure mathematics, computer administration, applied mathematics, and mathematical methods in economics.

9. Define the following fields of knowledge:

1. Discrete mathematics

2. Computability theory

3. Complexity theory

4. Information science

5. Economics

6. Mathematical statistics

10. Learn the text.

TEXT 2

SPECIALITIES AT THE INSTITUTE AND MY SPECIALITY

I study at the Institute of Mathematics, Economics and Informatics of Irkutsk State University. It has the departments of pure mathematics, computer administration, applied mathematics, and mathematical methods in economics. As pure mathematics is an investigation of mathematical theories and ideas the students of the department of pure mathematics deal with the study of fundamental laws in mathematics. The students of the departments of computer administration and applied mathematics are concerned with the application of mathematical theories to practical things. One of the most important subjects for them is discrete mathematics. Discrete mathematics is the common name for the fields of mathematics used in theoretical computer science. This includes computability theory, computational complexity theory, and information theory. Computability theory examines the limitations of various theoretical models of the computer. Complexity theory is the study of tractability by computers. Information science is concerned with the amount of data that can be stored on a given medium, and such concepts as compression and entropy. The students of the department of mathematical methods in economics specialize in economics as well as in mathematics. Economics is the study of how man uses resources to satisfy his needs. It is a vast field of study comprising knowledge of social and mathematical disciplines. Mathematical statistics plays an important role in training future economists. It allows the description, analysis, and prediction of economic phenomena.

I study at the department of applied mathematics. I have chosen this speciality as I consider the profession of a programmer to be of great need and importance.

To be a well-prepared programmer means to have knowledge of many special subjects, and, certainly, knowledge of foreign languages.

At the department of applied mathematics I succeed in getting profound knowledge in my speciality. It is surely the merit of the academic staff of the department. Many doctors of sciences and candidates of sciences teach me.

A lot of students of the department carry out research under the guidance of highly qualified specialists in their chosen fields. It is a nice opportunity for their intellectual development. I try my best to participate in scientific discussions. Sometimes I present papers devoted to different problems of programming.

After graduating from the University I’d like to work for a big company. May be I’ll be able to set up my own business.

TASKS

1. Give English equivalents of:

1. выбрать специальность

2. рассматривать, считать

3. быть очень нужной и важной

4. хорошо подготовленный

5. значить, означать

6. важные качества

7. настойчивость

8. знания многих предметов

9. особенно

10. знание иностранных языков

11. преуспевать

12. получать глубокие знания

13. заслуга профессорско-преподавательского состава

14. выполнять исследования

15. под руководством

16. высококвалифицированные специалисты

17. в избранной области

18. хорошая возможность для интеллектуального развития

19. делать все возможное

20. участвовать в научных дискуссиях

21. представлять доклады

22. окончить университет

23. организовать собственный бизнес

2. Read and translate the text.

3. Learn the text.

UNIT 11

СОВЕРШЕННЫЕ ВРЕМЕНА