Unit 8 неопределенные времена (indefinite tenses)

НАСТОЯЩЕЕ НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННОЕ ВРЕМЯ

(THE PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE)

1. Образование утвердительной формы

При образовании утвердительной формы в настоящем неопределенном

времени используется инфинитив без частицы to. В третьем лице единственного числа к глаголу добавляется окончание –s или – es. Глаголы to be и to have имеют особые формы.

PERSONS (Singular)	AFFIRMATIVE FORM	PERSONS (Plural)	AFFIRMATIVE FORM
1. I	live, have, am	1. We	live, have, are
2. You	live, have, are	2. You	live, have, are
3. He	lives, has, is	3. They	live, have, are
She	lives, has, is
It	lives, has, is

2. Образование отрицательной и вопросительной форм

AFFIRMATIVE FORM	NEGATIVE FORM	INTERROGATIVE FORM
I You study We They	I You don’t study We They	I Do you study…? we they
He She studies It	He She doesn’t study It	he Does she study …? it
I am You (We, They) are He (She, It) is	I am not You (We, They) aren’t He (She, It) isn’t	Am I …? Are you (we, they)…? Is he (she, it) …?

3. Краткие ответы

QUESTIONS	ANSWERS
Do they study mathematics?	Yes, they do. No, they don’t.
Does he study mathematics?	Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.
Is he a second-year student?	Yes, he is. No, he isn’t.

4. Употребление

Настоящее неопределенное время употребляется для выражения регулярного или повторяющегося действия. С настоящим неопределенным временем часто используются наречия и обороты речи: always, generally, sometimes, often, frequently, usually, every week, every month, seldom и др.

e.g. I get up early every day.

He usually plays computer games in the evening.

The sun shines.

Light travels faster than sound.

EXERCISES

1. Change in all persons

to be a first-year student

to be a full-time student

to have much to do

to have many friends

to study at the department of applied mathematics

to attend lectures, seminars and tutorials

2. Insert in the words given in brackets

1. I get up early (always). 2. I am late for the lectures (never). 3. I get to the University by bus (usually). 3. I go there on foot (never) because I live far from it. 4. It takes me half an hour to get to the University (as a rule). 5. I wait for my friend at the bus-stop (sometimes). 6. We settle the time of our meeting (usually). 7. He comes earlier (often) and waits for me. 8. We have much to talk about (always). 9. At a quarter to 8 we are at the University (already).

3. Paraphrase using never. Note: two negations are not possible in the English sentence.

1. I don’t drink strong coffee. 2. They don’t have lunch at home. 3. They are not at home in the afternoon. 4. He doesn’t take a bus. 5. She doesn’t get bad marks. 6. He doesn’t miss lectures. 7. On weekends they don’t stay at home. 8. She isn’t late for the lectures. 9. They don’t have much free time during a term.

4. Read in the singular.

1. These are my friends.

2. Those students are the students of our University.

3. They sit at the window and watch the traffic.

4. The children play in the morning and sleep in the afternoon.

5. They know English well and are ready to answer the questions.

6. The boys wake up at seven o’clock, wash, dress quickly and run into the dining room for breakfast.

7. My friends don’t understand when they speak quickly.

8. They tell me that when they get home every afternoon they have some food; they never eat or drink anything while they are at the office unless the hot weather makes them thirsty.

9. They go to the seaside for their holiday every year. In the morning they swim, sun bathe, or build sand castles. In the afternoon they play tennis, and after dinner they listen to the band or go to the theatre.

5. a) Write these sentences in the negative and interrogative forms.

1. His house is near the University. 2. He studies at the correspondence department. 3. The building of the University is new. 4. Today the students have one lecture. 5. After the lecture they go to a computing class. 6. The students of this group take part in the scientific society. 7. She brushes her English every day. 8. In the evening she does a lot of useful things. 9. This problem is urgent. 10. They usually come to the problem solution after a heated discussion. 11. The laboratory is well equipped. 12. He usually reads for his exams in advance.

b) Make up special questions to the sentences above.

6. Add the tag.

A

1. I am late, …? 2. I’m not late, …? 3. He is busy, …? 4. He is not busy, …?

5. They are students, …? 6. They aren’t students, …? 7. They study many subjects, …? 8. They don’t study many subjects, …? 9. You have two lectures today, …? 10. You don’t have two lectures today, …? 11. She lives far from the University, …? 12. She doesn’t live far from the University, …?

B

1. They go in for sports, …? 3. The student specializes in pure mathematics, …?

3. He is not afraid of the exams, …? 4. They are part-time students, …? 5. You never miss lectures, …? 6. The students don’t have much free time, …? 7. He is good at mathematics, …? 8. We aren’t late, …? 9. Extra-mural students study independently, …? 10. They don’t have as many lectures as full-time students have, …? 11. I am in time, …? 12. They study mathematics, …? 13. She doesn’t take part in the discussion, …? 14. They are at the dean’s office, …? 15. I am not as lazy as he is, …? 16. These printers are very rapid, …? 17. They print documents very quickly, …?

TESTS

TEST 1. One sentence has a mistake. Choose the correct sentence and write down its number and letter.

	She comes from Spain. b. She come from Spain.
	What he do in his free time? b. What does he do in his free time?
	Where lives she? b. Where does she live?
	He isn’t married. b. He doesn’t married.
	Does she has two lectures on Monday? b. Does she have two lectures on Monday?
	He doesn’t play computer games. b. He no plays computer games.
	She doesn’t have a printer. b. She doesn’t has a printer.
	What’s he’s address? What’s his address?

TEST 2. One sentence has a mistake. Choose the correct sentence. Write down its number and letter.

1.	Where do they live? b. Where they live?
2.	She goes to home by taxi. b. She goes home by taxi.
3.	My friend and I go in for sports. My friend and I goes in for sports.
4.	I don’t understand the question. b. I no understand the question.
5.	She goes at weekends swimming. b. She goes swimming at weekends.
6.	What you do on Sunday mornings? b. What do you do on Sunday mornings?
7.	Do you play tennis sometimes? b. You play tennis sometimes?
8.	I like very much football. b. I like football very much.
9.	He doesn’t know the answer. He don’t know the answer.

TEST 3. Choose the correct answer.

		Варианты ответа
1.	How much ________ this computer cost?	a.	is
2.	How much ________ this computer?	b. c.	does do
3.	It __________ rainy in summer.	a.	don’t
4.	It __________ often rain in summer.	b. c.	doesn’t isn’t
5.	I __________ stay at home on Sundays.	a.	am not
6.	I __________ at home on Sundays.	b. c.	doesn’t don’t
7.	He __________ have much money.	a.	isn’t
8.	He __________ rich.	b. c.	doesn’t don’t
9.	Mag and her sister _________ live in Rome.	a.	aren’t
10.	Mag and her sister _________ in Rome.	b. c.	doesn’t don’t
11.	Pat’s mother _________ teach students.	a.	isn’t
12.	Pat’s mother _________ a teacher.	b. c.	doesn’t don’t
13.	It ________ cost much to stay at that hotel.	a.	doesn’t
14.	That hotel __________ expensive.	b. c.	isn’t don’t

TEXT

MATHEMATICS AS A SCIENCE

Mathematics is an activity which has as its purpose the formulation and understanding of a complete model of the universe. Mathematics as a science is a collection of branches. They are arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry and others. Ancient Egyptians used arithmetic and geometry more than 5,000 years ago to measure out plots of land and to build pyramids with great accuracy. Arithmetic deals with numbers and calculating. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are its main operations. Geometry is concerned with lines, angles, figures and solids. Greeks such as Euclid worked out most of the general principles of geometry, called theorems, about 2,500 years ago. Algebra is a kind of mathematical shorthand that uses symbols to stand for unknown quantities. It was developed by the Arabs less than 1,200 years ago. Arithmetic, geometry, and algebra are the foundations of mathematics.

Mathematicians divide mathematics into pure and applied mathematics. Pure mathematics is an investigation of mathematical theories and ideas. The study of the whole numbers, the development of the number theory and the theory of equations are examples of pure mathematics. Applied mathematics deals with the application of mathematical theories to the problems in different branches of science. The work in cybernetics is an outstanding example of applied mathematics. Another example of applied mathematics is statistics, which uses the theory of probability as a tool and allows the description, analysis, and prediction of phenomena.

Mathematics is the language of science. Engineers, physicists and other scientists use mathematics in their research to prove their ideas and theories.

TASKS

1. Give Russian equivalents of the words and transcribe them

1. mathematics (n.)

2. science (n.)

3. activity (n.)

4. purpose (n.)

5. ancient (adj.)

6. measure (v.)

7. pyramid (n.)

8. accuracy (n.)

9. angle (n.)

10. solids (n.)

11. theorem (n.)

12. symbol (n.)

13. quantity (n.)

14. foundation (n.)

15. idea (n.)

16. equation (n.)

17. cybernetics (n.)

18. physicist (n.)

2. Fill in the table with the corresponding nouns

Verb	Translation	Noun	Translation
add	складывать, прибавлять	addition	сложение
subtract	вычитать
divide	делить
multiply	умножать
develop	развивать
investigate	исследовать
apply	применять
understand	понимать
describe	описывать
predict	предсказывать
measure	измерять

3. Give equivalents of the following words

to work-to work out

to measure -to measure out

to carry- to carry out

to stand - to stand for

4. Find synonyms

to apply, to be concerned with, supervision, investigation, to deal with, to use, research, guidance

5. Read the following groups of words

1. mathematics – mathematician – mathematical –mathematically

2. science – scientist – scientific – scientifically

3. active – actively – activity –activate –activation

4. formulate- formulation– formula –formulae

5. universe– universal– university

6. geometry –geometric – geometrician

7. accuracy – accurate accurately

6. Read and translate the text

7. Insert in the prepositions or adverbs

Mathematics is an activity which has as its purpose the formulation and understanding ____ a complete model____ the universe. Mathematics as a science is a collection ___ branches. They are arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry and others. Ancient Egyptians used arithmetic and geometry more than 5,000 years ago to measure ___ plots___ land and to build pyramids___ great accuracy. Arithmetic deals___numbers and calculating. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are its main operations. Geometry is concerned___ lines, angles, figures and solids. Greeks such as Euclid worked ___ most of the general principles of geometry, called theorems, about 2,500 years ago. Algebra is a kind ___ mathematical shorthand that uses symbols to stand ___ unknown quantities. It was developed _____ the Arabs less than 1,200 years ago. Arithmetic, geometry, and algebra are the foundations ___ mathematics.

Mathematicians divide mathematics ___ pure and applied mathematics. Pure mathematics is an investigation ___ mathematical theories and ideas. The study ___ the whole numbers, the development ___ the number theory and the theory ___ equations are examples ___ pure mathematics. Applied mathematics deals ___ the application ___ mathematical theories ___ the problems ___ different branches ___ science. The work ___ cybernetics is an outstanding example ___ applied mathematics. Another example ___ applied mathematics is statistics, which uses the theory ____ probability as a tool and allows the description, analysis, and prediction_____ phenomena.

Mathematics is the language ____ science. Engineers, physicists and other scientists use mathematics ___ their research to prove their ideas and theories.

8. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Present Indefinite

Mathematics (to be) an activity which (to have) as its purpose the formulation and understanding of a complete model of the universe. Mathematics as a science (to be) a collection of branches. They (to be) arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry and others. Ancient Egyptians used arithmetic and geometry more than 5,000 years ago to measure out plots of land and to build pyramids with great accuracy. Arithmetic (to deal) with numbers and calculating. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division (to be) its main operations. Geometry (to be) concerned with lines, angles, figures and solids. Greeks such as Euclid worked out most of the general principles of geometry, called theorems, about 2,500 years ago. Algebra (to be) a kind of mathematical shorthand that (to use) symbols to stand for unknown quantities. It was developed by the Arabs less than 1,200 years ago. Arithmetic, geometry, and algebra (to be) the foundations of mathematics.

Mathematicians (to divide) mathematics into pure and applied mathematics. Pure mathematics (to be) an investigation of mathematical theories and ideas. The study of the whole numbers, the development of the number theory and the theory of equations (to be) examples of pure mathematics. Applied mathematics (to deal) with the application of mathematical theories to the problems in different branches of science. The work in cybernetics (to be) an outstanding example of applied mathematics. Another example of applied mathematics (to be) statistics, which (to use) the theory of probability as a tool and (to allow) the description, analysis, and prediction of phenomena.

Mathematics (to be) the language of science. Engineers, physicists and other scientists (to use) mathematics in their research to prove their ideas and theories.

9. Define the following:

1. Mathematics

2. Arithmetic

3. Geometry

4. Algebra

5. Pure mathematics

6. Applied mathematics

10. Develop the following statements

1. Mathematics as a science is a collection of branches.

2. Arithmetic, geometry, and algebra are the foundations of mathematics.

3. Arithmetic deals with numbers and calculating.

4. Pure mathematics is an investigation of mathematical theories and ideas.

5. Applied mathematics deals with the application of mathematical theories to the problems in different branches of science.

6. Mathematics is the language of science.

11. Fill in the blanks

1. Mathematics as a science is a collection of branches. ____ are arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry and others.

2. ______ used arithmetic and geometry more than 5,000 years ago to measure out plots of land and to build pyramids with great accuracy.

3. _____ deals with numbers and calculating.

4. Addition, _____, multiplication, and _____ are its main operations.

5. _____ is concerned with lines, ____, figures and ____.

6. ____ such as _____ worked out most of the general principles of geometry, called theorems, about 2,500 years ago.

7. _____ is a kind of mathematical shorthand that uses symbols to stand for unknown quantities.

8. It was developed by _____ less than 1,200 years ago.

9. Arithmetic, geometry, and____ are the foundations of mathematics.

10. Mathematicians divide mathematics into pure and ___ mathematics.

11. _____ is an investigation of mathematical theories and ideas.

12. The study of ______, the development of the number theory and the theory of ______ are examples of pure mathematics.

13. _____- deals with the application of mathematical theories to the problems in different branches of science.

14. The work in _____ is an outstanding _____ of applied mathematics.

15. Another example of applied mathematics is _____, which uses the theory of probability as a tool and allows the description, analysis, and ______ of phenomena.

16. _____ is the language of science.

17. Engineers, physicists and other scientists use mathematics in their _____ to prove their ideas and ______.

12. Learn the text

ПРОШЕДШЕЕ НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННОЕ ВРЕМЯ

(THE PAST INDEFINITE TENSE)

1. Образование утвердительной формы

Прошедшее неопределенное время образуется путем прибавления к основе правильного глагола (regular verbs) окончания –(e)d. Неправильные глаголы (irregular verbs) имеют особые формы для прошедшего неопределенного времени.

PERSONS (Singular)	AFFIRMATIVE FORM	PERSONS (Plural)	AFFIRMATIVE FORM
1. I	lived, had, was	1. We	lived, had, were
2. You	lived, had, were	2. You	lived, had, were
3. He	lived, had, was	3. They	lived, had, were
She	lived, had, was
It	lived, had, was

2. Чтение окончания –ed

[d]	[t]	[id]
после звонких соглас-ных и гласных: opened [d] played [d]	после глухих согласных: worked [t];	после [d] and [t]: wanted [id], divided[id].

3. Образование отрицательной и вопросительной форм

AFFIRMATIVE FORM	NEGATIVE FORM	INTERROGATIVE FORM
I You He She studied, went It We You They	I You He She didn’t study (go) It We You They	I you he Did she study (go)…? it we you they
I (He, She, It) was	I (He, She, It) wasn’t	Was I (he, she, it) …?
You (We, They) were	You (We, They) weren’t	Were you (we, they) …?

4. Краткие ответы

QUESTIONS	ANSWERS
Did they study mathematics?	Yes, they did. No, they didn’t.
Was he a student?	Yes, he was. No, he wasn’t.

5.Употребление

Прошедшее неопределенное время употребляется для выражения действия, имеющего места в прошлом и не связанного с настоящим. Отнесенность действия к прошлому обычно уточняется обстоятельствами времени: yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last month, last year, two days (weeks, months, years) ago, in 1945, on Sunday и др.

e.g. She graduated from the University two years ago.

We had two lectures yesterday.

БУДУЩЕЕ НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННОЕ ВРЕМЯ

(THE FUTURE INDEFINITE TENSE)

1. Образование утвердительной формы

При образовании будущего неопределенного времени используется вспомогательный глагол shall (для первого лица единственного и множественного числа) или will (для остальных лиц), который ставится перед смысловым глаголом. Существует тенденция использовать will для всех лиц.

PERSONS (Singular)	AFFIRMATIVE FORM	PERSONS (Plural)	AFFIRMATIVE FORM
1. I	shall live, have, be	1. We	shall live, have, be
2. You	will live, have, be	2. You	will live, have, be
3. He	will live, have, be	3. They	will live, have, be
She	will live, have, be		will live, have, be
It	will live, have, be

2. Образование отрицательной и вопросительной форм

AFFIRMATIVE FORM	NEGATIVE FORM	INTERROGATIVE FORM
I We shall live	I We shan’t live	I Shall we live …?
You He She will live It They	You He She won’t live It They	you he Will she live…? it they

3. Краткие ответы

QUESTIONS	ANSWERS
Shall we print out the results?	Yes, you will. No, you won’t.
Will they study English?	Yes, they will. No, they won’t.

4. Употребление

Будущее неопределенное время используется для выражения действия, которое произойдет в будущем и это действие не связано с настоящим. С будущим неопределенным временем часто используются такие обстоятельства времени: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week, next month, next year и др.

e.g. The students will have a test tomorrow.

They will study mathematical analysis next year.

EXERCISES

1. Add –ed to the following regular verbs and write them in three columns according to the reading of –ed: [t],[d],[id].

Work, walk, study, stay, attend, arrive, attach, wash, miss, publish, call, continue, divide, depend, contribute, love, like, occupy, record, provide, ask, dress, want, wish, receive, appear, hope, enter, devote, include, graduate.

2. Write three forms of the following irregular verbs and learn them.

Stand, read, do, make, speak, write, come, go, understand, be, have, become, leave, teach, get, begin, take, learn, see, ring, lay, put, eat, sit, say, wake, forget, know, run, pay, bring, meet, win, deal (with), show, spend.

3. Use the verb in each sentence in the Present, Past and Future Simple

1. They (to be) second-year students. 2. She (to have) a test at the lesson. 3. His

sister’s friend (to study) by correspondence. 4. His brother (to work) as a programmer. 5. He (to get) higher education at the leading University of Russia.

4. Use the verbs in brackets in the Past Simple

BILL GATES AND MICROSOFT

Bill Gates (to be) born in Seattle, USA, in 1955. He (to begin) to study computer programming at school when he (to be) thirteen. Later, he (to go) to Harvard University. While he (to be) a student there, he and his friend, Paul Allen, (to write) a computer program for the new personal computer, the Altair 8800. They (to show) it to Ed Roberts, the man who had invented this machine. Ed Roberts (to like) the software and (to agree) to use it. Gates and Allen (to leave) the University early and (to start) their company – Microsoft.

Microsoft’s first big success (to come) in 1981. Apple computers (to be) very popular, and so the computer company IBM (to decide) to start building PCs. They (to ask) Bill Gates to write an operating system for their PCs, and he (to write) MS-DOS. It (to be) very easy to use. It (to be) really a big success.

In 1984, Apple (to make) a new computer called a Macintosh. Bill Gates and Microsoft (to help) to write the operating system for this computer. Later, Microsoft (to make) their own operating system which (to use) pictures – they (to call) it Windows. Windows (to become) the most successful piece of software in the history of computing.

In 1990s, Microsoft (to become) larger. In 1995, the new operating system Windows 95 (to come) with a piece of software that (to lead) people to use the Internet.

Bill Gates is one of the richest people in the world. In 2000, he and his wife (to start) The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. In May 2005, it (to give) 11 million dollars to schools and colleges in Chicago, and since 2000, it has given 250 million dollars to libraries across the USA for new computers.

5. Use the verbs in the Simple Tenses

1. Yesterday after the lessons the students of our group (to go) to the computing class. 2. My sister (to be) a first-year student last year, now she (to be) a second-year student. 3. Last year he (to graduate) from the University and now he (to work) as a programmer at the computer centre. 4. Moscow University named after M.V. Lomonosov (to be) a center of education and science. 5. Next term we (to have) six credit-tests and three exams. 6. He (to become) a mathematician in a year. 7. Shannon (to make) a great contribution to informatics. 8. Lobachevsky (to be) an outstanding mathematician. 9. His contribution to geometry (to be) well known. 10. The developments in electronics (to cause) the developments in computers. 11. A computer (to be) a device that (to store) information. 12. Last century these phenomena (to be) of interest for science.

6. a) Write these sentences in the negative form

b) Write these sentences in the interrogative form

1. He is a brilliant student. 2. They have three lectures according to the time-table. 3. After finishing school her friend began to study at the University. 4. She usually does her homework in the evening. 5. His aunt works as a teacher at a secondary school. 6. He passed exams successfully. 7. Mike did this work well. 8. He read this book not long ago. 9. He always has breakfast at home. 10. His friend lives far from the University. 11. He saw her at entrance of the University. 12. Last year they were first-year students. 13. Next year he will be a second-year student. 14. He wants to take up a post-graduate course.

7. Give all possible special questions

1. They have two lectures and one seminar on Monday. 2. In British schools a school day runs from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. 3. He passed his final exams successfully. 4. He was in scientific correspondence with many leading mathematicians. 5. They stayed at home because of the weather. 6. She will defend her diploma paper in a year.

TEST

One sentence has a mistake. Choose the correct sentence. Write down its number and letter.

1.	He bought a new computer. b. He buyed a new computer.
2.	Where did you go yesterday? b. Where you went yesterday?
3.	You see Jane last week? b. Did you see Jane last week?
4.	Do she reads much? b. Does she read much?
5.	We didn’t enjoyed the lecture. b. We didn’t enjoy the lecture.
6.	I didn’t go out yesterday. b. I shan’t go out last evening.
7.	Were you at the lecture yesterday? b. Did you be at the lecture yesterday?
8.	He have dinner at the University. He has dinner at the University.

TEXT

CLAUDE ELWOOD SHANNON

Claude Elwood Shannon was born in 1916 in Petoskey, Michigan, and died in 2001. He was an American electrical engineer and mathematician. He was the founder of practical digital circuit design theory. Especially he was famous for his contribution to information science and he has been called “the father of information science”.

In 1932 he entered the University of Michigan, where he took a course that introduced him to the works of George Boole. He graduated from the University in 1936 with two bachelor’s degrees, one in electrical engineering and one in mathematics. Then he began his graduate study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology devoting much time to the elaboration of differential analyzer, analog computer.

While studying the complicated circuits of the differential analyzer, Shannon saw that Boole’s concepts could be used to great utility. Shannon proved that Boolean algebra and binary arithmetic could be used to simplify the arrangement of the electromechanical relays. Shannon’s work was considered to be the foundation of practical digital circuit design when it became widely known among the electrical engineering community during and after World War II.

During World War II Shannon worked at Bell Labs elaborating fire-control systems and cryptography. To commemorate his achievements, after the breakup of the Bell system, the part of Bell Labs was named in his honor.

In 1948 Shannon published “A Mathematical Theory of Communication”. This work was devoted to the problem of how best to encode the information a sender wants to transmit. Shannon developed information entropy as a measure for the uncertainty in a message. Another notable paper “Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems” was published in 1949. This work was a contribution to the development of the mathematical theory of cryptography.

In 1956 Shannon came to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to join its faculty and to conduct work in the Research Laboratory of Electronics. He continued to work at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology till 1978.

Shannon’s contribution to science is great. The whole digital revolution started with him.

TASKS

1. Give Russian equivalents of the words and transcribe them

1. graduate from (v.)

2. graduate (n.)

3. technology (n.)

4. differential (adj.)

5. analyzer (n.)

6. analog (adj.)

7. utility (n.)

8. relay (n.)

9. honor (n.)

10. transmit (v.)

11. entropy (n.)

12. measure (n.)

13. uncertainty (n.)

14. theory (n.)

15. cryptography (n.)

16. research (n.)

17. laboratory (n .)

18. Michigan

19. Massachusetts

2. Give English equivalents of:

1. быть известным

2. вклад в информатику

3. поступить в университет

4. окончить университет

5. степень бакалавра

6. электротехника

7. выпускник

8. посвящать много времени разработке

9. дифференциальный анализатор

10. аналоговый компьютер

11. сложные схемы

12. понятия

13. бинарная арифметика

14. электромеханическое реле

15. стать широко известным

16. увековечить достижения

17. быть посвященной проблеме

18. кодировать информацию

19. неопределенность в сообщении

20. другая знаменитая (выдающаяся) работа

21. выполнять работу

22. научно-исследовательская лаборатория

3. a) Divide the verbs into two groups: regular and irregular

bear, die, found, be, contribute, design, inform, call, enter, take, introduce, graduate, begin, devote, elaborate, analyze, compute, study, see, use, prove, simplify, arrange, become, know, work, commemorate, achieve, consider, publish, encode, send, want, transmit, break, develop, measure, come, join, continue, conduct.

b) Divide regular verbs into three groups according to the reading of –ed.

c) Write three forms of irregular verbs

4. Fill in the table

Verb	Translation	Noun	Translation
develop	развивать	development developer	развитие разработчик
found
contribute
design
elaborate
analyze
compute
publish
communicate
transmit
conduct

5. Read and translate the text

6. Insert in the prepositions where necessary

Claude Elwood Shannon was born ____ 1916 ____ Petoskey, Michigan, and died ___ 2001. He was an American electrical engineer and mathematician. He was the founder____ practical digital circuit design theory. Especially he was famous ___ his contribution ___ information science and he has been called “the father ____ information science”.

In 1932 he entered)____ the University___ Michigan, where he took a course that introduced him ___ the works ____ George Boole. He graduated___ the University___ 1936 with two bachelor’s degrees, one ____ electrical engineering and one ____ mathematics. Then he began his graduate study ____ the Massachusetts Institute of Technology devoting much time___ the elaboration ___ differential analyzer, analog computer.

While studying the complicated circuits____ the differential analyzer, Shannon saw that Boole’s concepts could be used ____ great utility. Shannon proved that Boolean algebra and binary arithmetic could be used to simplify the arrangement ____the electromechanical relays. Shannon’s work was considered to be the foundation ___ practical digital circuit design when it became widely known____ the electrical engineering community _____ and _____ World War II.

_____World War II Shannon worked____ Bell Labs elaborating fire-control systems and cryptography. To commemorate his achievements, ____ the breakup____ the Bell system, the part ____ Bell Labs was named ____ his honor.

____ 1948 Shannon published “A Mathematical Theory ___ Communication”. This work was devoted ___ the problem of how best to encode the information a sender wants to transmit. Shannon developed information entropy as a measure ___ the uncertainty ___ a message. Another notable paper “Communication Theory ___ Secrecy Systems” was published ___ 1949. This work was a contribution ___the development ____ the mathematical theory___ cryptography.

___ 1956 Shannon came____ the Massachusetts Institute ___ Technology to join its faculty and to conduct work ___ the Research Laboratory_____ Electronics. He continued to work ____ the Massachusetts Institute____ Technology ___ 1978.

Shannon’s contribution ___ science is great. The whole digital revolution started ____ him.

7. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Past Simple.

Claude Elwood Shannon (to be) born in 1916 in Petoskey, Michigan, and (to die) in 2001. He (to be) an American electrical engineer and mathematician. He (to be) the founder of practical digital circuit design theory. Especially he (to be) famous for his contribution to information science and he has been called “the father of information science”.

In 1932 he (to enter) the University of Michigan, where he (to take) a course that (to introduce) him to the works of George Boole. He (to graduate) from the University in 1936 with two bachelor’s degrees, one in electrical engineering and one in mathematics. Then he (to begin) his graduate study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology devoting much time to the elaboration of differential analyzer, analog computer.

While studying the complicated circuits of the differential analyzer, Shannon (to see) that Boole’s concepts could be used to great utility. Shannon (to prove) that Boolean algebra and binary arithmetic could be used to simplify the arrangement of the electromechanical relays. Shannon’s work (to be) considered to be the foundation of practical digital circuit design when it (to become) widely known among the electrical engineering community during and after World War II.

During World War II Shannon (to work) at Bell Labs elaborating fire-control systems and cryptography. To commemorate his achievements, after the breakup of the Bell system, the part of Bell Labs (to be) named in his honor.

In 1948 Shannon (to publish) “A Mathematical Theory of Communication”. This work (to be) devoted to the problem of how best to encode the information a sender (to want) to transmit. Shannon (to develop) information entropy as a measure for the uncertainty in a message. Another notable paper “Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems” (to be) published in 1949. This work (to be) a contribution to the development of the mathematical theory of cryptography.

In 1956 Shannon (to come) to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to join its faculty and to conduct work in the Research Laboratory of Electronics. He (to continue) to work at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology till 1978.

Shannon’s contribution to science is great. The whole digital revolution (to start) with him.

8. Learn the text.

UNIT 9

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