229

PART I

UNIT I

THE ABC

Буква	A, a	B, b	C, c	D, d	E, e	F, f	G, g
Название	[ei]	[bi:]	[si:]	[di:]	[i:]	[ef]	[dɜi:]

H, h	I, i	J, j	K,k	L, l	M,m	N, n	O, o	P, p	Q, q
[eit∫]	[ai]	[dɜei]	[kei	[el]	[em]	[en]	[ou]	[pi:]	[kju:]

R, r	S, s	T, t	U, u	V, v	W, w	X, x	Y, y	Z, z
[α:]	[es]	[ti:]	[ju:]	[vi:]	[d^bl ju:]	[eks]	[wai]	[zed]

READING RULES

TABLE I

	READING RULE	EXERCISE
	e [i:] [e] открытый закрытый слог слог	step, me, mete, eve, let, bede, bed, kept, melt, eke, send, be, zest, men, less, vest, west, she
	a [ei] [æ] открытый закрытый слог слог	blame, make, lad, sane, fame, bad, sale, late, plan, plane, date, tap, tape
	ee [i:] ea	feet, neat, deed, tea, zeal, leave, feed, east, deal, leaf, keep, sea, least, mean
	i,y [ai] [i] открытый закрытый слог слог	by, dye, size, if, tip, system, fine, fit, mine, pipe, is, tyke, tint, style, kid, bye, did
	c [s] [k] перед e,i,у в остальных случаях	space, candle, slice, cease, cliff, cite, cap, clean, nice, cattle, cede, cyme, cape, cystic, clap
	ck [k]	lack, stick, nick, black, neck, deck, pack, peck
	Ударная + согл.+ le как в Гласная алфавите	cycle, stable, Bible, sable, idle, title, able, stifle
	[j] в начале y [i] в конце слов в безударном положении	yet, yell, yak, yeast fancy, fifty, easy, nicely, lazy, ninety, tiny, sticky
	o [ou] [o] открытый закрытый слог слог	so, vote, dot, dock, sole, sock, off, odd, slope, soft, zone, on, not, note

EXERCISES

1. Запишите номера слов, расположив их в алфавитном порядке.

1.clean; 2.yard; 3.clock; 4.ax; 5.teeth; 6.snowball; 7.like; 8.shine; 9.twist; 10.latter; 11.crime; 12.sweat; 13.wide; 14.key; 15.opposite; 16.victory; 17.ache; 18.cycle; 19.plane; 20.bee.

2. Запишите номера слов, в которых есть звук [æ].

1.stale; 2.miss; 3.mass; 4.make; 5.fit; 6.dye; 7.bend; 8.stand; 9.able; 10.ass; 11.kitty; 12.lack; 13.cape; 14.cap; 15.name; 16.mete; 17.met; 18.band; 19.fell; 20.stable.

3. Запишите номера слов, в которых есть звук [s].

1.site; 2.cite; 3.clock; 4.cyme; 5.seem; 6.fact; 7.pace; 8.cystic; 9.cat; 10.kind; 11.fancy; 12.fence; 13.cell; 14.lack; 15.stick; 16.could; 17.cycle; 18.claim; 19.cliff; 20.cent.

4. Запишите номера слов, в которых есть звук [ j ].

1.big; 2.lime; 3.eve; 4.zippy; 5.yet; 6.fate; 7.yes; 8.pencil; 9.kitty; 10.ice; 11.yak; 12.stable; 13.mete; 14.maple; 15.is; 16.fat; 17.yen; 18.type; 19.silly; 20.mole.

5. Запишите номера слов, в которых гласная читается так же, как она называется в алфавите.

1.big; 2.fine; 3.bead; 4.title; 5.lick; 6.feet; 7.win; 8.sock; 9.idle; 10.space; 11.net; 12.mete; 13.name; 14.meal; 15.meat; 16.silly; 17.van; 18.bye; 19.best; 20.wine.

TABLE 2

	READING RULE	EXERCISE
10.	[s] в начале слова и после глухих s согласных [z] после гласных и звонких согласных	feeds, bells, stones, lets, tables, ties, bees, spends, styles, stops, cakes, sets, likes
11.	ai [ei] ay	pain, bay, mail, lay, laid, fail, clay, nay, claim
12.	g [dɜ ] [g] перед e,i,y в остальных случаях	big, gyps, gentle, got, gem, page, badge, age, dig, gossip, go, glim But: get
13.	i + nd, ld как в o алфавите	kind, fold, bind, mild, told, mind, sold
14.	[u:] oo [u]	soon, tool, too, food look, took, good, book, proof
15.	sh [∫]	shake, she, ship, dish, shelf, shook, shame, shave, sheep, shine
16	ch [t∫] tch	chime, chest, check, cheap, teach, speech, inch, lynch, catch, stitch, match, ditch
17.	u [ju:] [٨] открытый закрытый слог слог	cut, mud, duke, use, fuse, dust, dune, tune, tube, dump, fume, fun, hue, due, hut, stuff, mute, run, cup, gun But: put
18.	ew [ju:]	new, pew, dew, few, hew, news
19.	j [dɜ]	jet, jack, jam, judge, jug, joke, just
20.	[w] wh [h] перед o	wine, wide, will, win, well, wage, wig white, why, wheel, whale, when, which, what who, whose, whom, whole

EXERCISES

1. Напротив номера каждого подчеркнутого слова запишите номер слова, которое произносится точно так же, как и подчеркнутое.

1.	site	1.side; 2.sat; 3.cite; 4.sit; 5.kite
2.	mete	1.mitt; 2.met; 3.mate; 4.myth; 5.meat
3.	tike	1.tide; 2.tint; 3.time; 4.tile; 5.tyke
4.	lye	1.lay; 2.lie; 3.leak; 4.levy; 5.lean
5.	cell	1.sell; 2.call; 3.kill; 4.seal; 5.cent
6.	leek	1.lack; 2.lick; 3.lock; 4.leak; 5.like
7.	sent	1.seen; 2.scent; 3.cant; 4.sin; 5.salt
8.	dike	1.bike; 2.duke; 3.dyke; 4.bite; 5.deck
9.	weak	1.wick; 2.week; 3.wet; 4.wig; 5.wake
10.	die	1.dike; 2.day; 3.due; 4.dean; 5.dye

2. Запишите номера слов, в которых буква “e” не читается.

1.sell; 2.seal; 3.bed; 4.me; 5.tie; 6.meat; 7.bye; 8.size; 9.left; 10.deck; 11.tike; 12.seem; 13.spell; 14.team; 15.pale; 16.men; 17.lyddite; 18.feed; 19.eke; 20.fell.

3. Запишите номера слов, расположив их в алфавитном порядке.

1.queen; 2.student; 3.kite; 4.lamp; 5.yard; 6.warm; 7.able; 8.hall; 9.city; 10.feel.

4. Запишите номера слов, в которых есть звук [g].

1.cage; 2.saga; 3.siege; 4.bridge; 5.gamble; 6.gone; 7.gib; 8.glove; 9.get; 10.grind; 11.gate; 12.wage; 13.genda; 14.gipsy; 15.goat; 16.gland; 17.got; 18.glad; 19.gem; 20.gym.

5. Запишите номера слов, в которых гласная читается так же, как она называется в алфавите.

1.sock; 2.tool; 3.meet; 4.pain; 5.kind; 6.cold; 7.inch; 8.shine; 9.table; 10.tie; 11.sage; 12.shelf; 13.shook; 14.cheap; 15.back; 16.vote; 17.gene; 18.speech; 19.ditch; 20.idle.

6. Запишите номера слов, в которых есть звук [t∫].

1.inch; 2.speckle; 3.shine; 4.shame; 5.stitch; 6.shelf; 7.smoke; 8.theme; 9.chest; 10.clock; 11.gym; 12.check; 13.bridge; 14.dish; 15.match; 16.teeth; 17.choke; 18.glide; 19.short; 20.lynch.

7. Запишите номера слов, в которых есть звук [ju:].

1.hut; 2.mute; 3.few; 4.dust; 5.tunnel; 6.hue; 7.tube; 8.dump; 9.news; 10.mule; 11.button; 12.cut; 13.put; 14.hew; 15.dune; 16.cup; 17.fuse; 18.luck; 19.run; 20.pew.

TABLE 3

	READING RULE	EXERCISE
21.	[θ] th [∂]	theme, three, cloth, thin, depth, tenth, fifth, sixth, width, teeth within, they, them, with, this, these, then, their
22.	th a + [α:] s+ согласная	pass, path, class, task, rather, fast, bath, grass, grasp, father, last
23.	lk [o:k] a + ll [o:l]	chalk, talk, walk, balk hall, tall, ball, fall, all, wall, small
24.	[gz] перед ударной x гласной [ks] в остальных случаях	exam, exist, example, exact box, next, except, expect, excellent
25.	air [ε∂]	air, chair, fair, hair, dairy
26.	[ou] ow [au] ou	sow, low, row, snow, grow, yellow, own, owner down, gown, brown, crown, vow, how, now house, loud, round, about, amount, counsel, council
27.	are [ε∂] ar [α:]	rare, hare, cart, hard, bar, care, square, stare, large, yard, share, spare, charm, harm, dark, dare, star, bare, bard, scare, article
28.	ore [o:] or	cord, fork, score, port, sport, more, born, core, shore, store, explore, short, sort, forty, sore, pore, horde, perform
29.	ure [ju∂] ur [з:]	lure, burn, endure, secure, pure, turn, curl, hurt, turtle, spur, nurse, curd, curdle, cure
30.	ere [i∂] er [з:]	herd, nerve, hers, here, merely, term, serf, terse, serve, severe, mere, sere, service, sincere

EXERCISES

1. Запишите номера слов, расположив их в алфавитном порядке.

1. kept; 2.knot; 3.keen; 4.knock; 5.Korea; 6.keep; 7.know; 8.kick; 9.knuckle; 10.kale.

2. Запишите номера слов, в которых есть звук [s].

1.city; 2.sad; 3.beds; 4.sells; 5.styles; 6.sold; 7.notes; 8.bees; 9.is; 10.sail; 11.face;

12.clay; 13.click; 14.pens; 15.slide; 16.feels; 17.meets; 18.ties; 19.cattle; 20.cuts.

3. Запишите номера слов, в которых есть дифтонг [au].

1.own; 2.about; 3.crown; 4.vow; 5.grow; 6.town; 7.snow; 8.now; 9.low; 10.ground; 11.row; 12.oak; 13.amount; 14.how; 15.council; 16.blow; 17.yellow; 18.scoundrel; 19.owner; 20.sound.

4. Запишите номера слов, в которых есть дифтонг [ε∂].

1.charm; 2.cart; 3.hairy; 4.farther; 5.stare; 6.fairly; 7.dark; 8.dare; 9.day; 10.star; 11.bar; 12.bare; 13.chair; 14.more; 15.mare; 16.clear; 17.care; 18.where; 19.shark; 20.shore.

5. Запишите номера слов, в которых есть звук [α:].

1.path; 2.plain; 3.pack; 4.pair; 5.barn; 6.cord; 7.task; 8.whale; 9.grasp; 10.star; 11.sparkle; 12.spare; 13.ham; 14.harm; 15.bath; 16.but; 17.article; 18.balk; 19.last; 20.lark.

6. Запишите номера слов, в которых есть звук [o:].

1.more; 2.hall; 3.pale; 4.sore; 5.sport; 6.walk; 7.mole; 8.fork; 9.fore; 10.hale; 11.tall; 12.hire; 13.core; 14.food; 15.path; 16.pole; 17.store; 18.fort; 19.stall; 20.short.

TABLE 4

	READING RULE	EXERCISE
31.	i i +re [ai∂] +r [з:] y y	tired, mire, girl, shirt, sir, first, thirty, dirty, wire, lyre, skirt, hire, whirl, satire, bird, tyre, third, conspire, confirm, circumstance, circuit
32.	wor [wз:]	work, word, worse, world, worst
33.	ng [ŋ] nk [ŋk]	bang, long, wing, sitting, taking, song, singing, bank, blank, wink, pink, tank, ink, sink
34.	в конце слов –er, -or [∂] артикль a, an в в безударном положении	teacher, singer, reader, member, doctor a book, a house, a number, an apple difficult, calendar, academy, student
35.	o [٨] перед m, n, th, v	dove, some, won, front, month, mother, brother, come, love, glove
36.	oy [oi] oi	boy, toy, voice, noise, coin, soil, oil
37.	igh [ai]	fight, light, might, night, sigh, high, sight
38.	wr [r]	write, wrist, wretch, wry, writ, wrap, wrote, written
39.	kn [n] gn	knew, knit, knell, knife, knee, know, knight, known, gnarly, gnat, gnostic, gnome
40.	ps [s]	psychology, psychologist, psychological
41.	-ture [t∫∂]	nature, future, structure, picture
42.	-sure [ɜ∂]	leisure, pleasure, measure, treasure, disclosure

EXERCISES

1. Запишите номера слов, в которых есть звук [з:].

1.fire; 2.fur; 3.worst; 4.lure; 5.gun; 6.girl; 7.stew; 8.spur; 9.sore; 10.fair; 11.fir; 12.car; 13.world; 14.tired; 15.whirl; 16.scorn; 17.bard; 18.thirty; 19.grow; 20.burn.

2. Запишите номера слов, в которых есть звук [ŋ].

1.win; 2.wink; 3.strong; 4.main; 5.gnaw; 6.wing; 7.phone; 8.blank; 9.blind; 10.front; 11.known; 12.written; 13.nurse; 14.taking; 15.taken; 16.noise; 17.sing; 18.tank; 19.knit; 20.nest.

3. Запишите номера слов, в которых есть звук [^].

1.boot; 2.toy; 3.wrap; 4.physics; 5.dove; 6.gnaw; 7.but; 8.student; 9.fuse; 10.fur; 11.love; 12.cut; 13.put; 14.won; 15.know; 16.fact; 17.some; 18.nurse; 19.same; 20.curdle.

4. Запишите номера слов, в которых есть дифтонг [ai].

1.lit; 2.knife; 3.fire; 4.mine; 5.tie; 6.mild; 7.serve; 8.satire; 9.sight; 10.difficult; 11.taking; 12.right; 13.find; 14.wire; 15.knit; 16.tired; 17.high; 18.try; 19.oil; 20.sign.

5. Запишите номера слов, в которых не читается какая-либо согласная.

1.cell; 2.scent; 3.oil; 4.knee; 5.fight; 6.game; 7.known; 8.house; 9.gnat; 10.dove; 11.pink; 12.curd; 13.stare; 14.box; 15.voice; 16.wry; 17.whale; 18.late; 19.song; 20.psychology.

TABLE 5

	READING RULE	EXERCISE
43.	-sion [ɜn]	evasion, decision
44.	-tion [∫n] -ssion	nation, dictation, station, action, motion, Russian, session, oppression
45.	wa [wo:] war	warm, war, ward, reward, watch, want, wash, wand, what
46.	e [i] в безударном положении	elect, enjoy, establish, deny, pocket, genet, goodness
47.	сh [k] в словах латинского происхождения	character, characteristics, chemistry, chemist, technical, technology
48.	eigh [ei] ey	eight, weigh, neigh, weight, they, grey, obey
49.	qu [kw]	quest, quite, quill, quiet, quickly, quote, squeeze, queen, inquire, inquest
50.	ie [i:] ei	ceiling, seize, receive, deceive, niece, field, piece, priest, thief
51.	au [o:] aw	automatic, automobile, law, saw, autonomy, autonomous, shawl, fault, pawn, clause, assault
52.	ia [ai∂]	trial, liable, liability, reliable
53.	-tual [t∫u∂l]	factual, actual
54.	gu [g]	guilt, guard, guilty, guardian
55.	ph [f]	photo, sphere, physics, philosophy, phenomenon
56.	ea [e] перед d, l, t, th	bread, dead, head, lead, threat, death, wealth
57.	our [o:]	court, courtroom, adjourn
58.	oa [ou]	oak, oath, poacher

EXERCISES

1. Запишите номера слов, в которых есть трифтонг [ai∂].

1.tear; 2.smile; 3.tired; 4.crown; 5.pair; 6.shirt; 7.buyer; 8.trial; 9.tower;

10.autumn; 11.satire; 12.awful; 13.pear; 14.tyre; 15.assault; 16.liability; 17.spire; 18.punctual; 19.wire; 20.fine.

2. Запишите номера слов, в которых есть звук [o:].

1.some; 2.beforehand; 3.oak; 4.court; 5.shirt; 6.dove; 7.clock; 8.pour; 9.aloud; 10.guard; 11.fault; 12.more; 13.knot; 14.short; 15.awoke; 16.autumn; 17.gone; 18.crawl; 19.ward; 20.reward.

3. Запишите номера слов, в которых есть звук [ei].

1.pale; 2.some; 3.fan; 4.weigh; 5.deceive; 6.stay; 7.ceiling; 8.plant; 9.obey; 10.fail; 11.fatty; 12.won; 13.crane; 14.nut; 15.hay; 16.gnaw; 17.whale; 18.saint; 19.power; 20.tank.

4. Запишите номера слов, в которых есть звук [i:].

1.pet; 2.pit; 3.feet; 4.bread; 5.field; 6.pine; 7.claw; 8.great; 9.kit; 10.yield; 11.gene; 12.gentle; 13.ceiling; 14.putty; 15.meat; 16.spread; 17.coke; 18.plum; 19.weak; 20.seat.

5. Запишите номера слов, в которых есть звук [f].

1.gym; 2.fine; 3.solve; 4.sofa; 5.psychology; 6.photograph; 7.favourite; 8.vanity; 9.stove; 10.page; 11.phenomenon; 12.guilty; 13.awe; 14.strive; 15.performance; 16.survive; 17.want; 18.focus; 19.sovereign; 20.philosophy.

6. Запишите номера слов, в которых есть звук [k].

1.cyme; 2.scent; 3.curious; 4.chart; 5.character; 6.kettle; 7.sentiment; 8.clay; 9.cycling; 10.category; 11.charm; 12.chaos; 13.deck; 14.mule; 15.jig; 16.wing; 17.core; 18.circuit; 19.saved; 20.thing.

TABLE 6

WORD STRESS RULES

	RULE	EXERCISE
1.	В двухсложных словах ударение падает на первый слог. Ударная гласная читается согласно своему чтению в слоге: открытом или закрытом	sofa, murder, stupid, stipend, absent, artist, turner, whisper, worker, walker, letter, later, number, paper, writer, napkin
2.	В трех- и четырехсложных словах ударение падает на третий слог от конца. Ударная гласная произносится кратко, согласно своему чтению в закрытом слоге	document, different, general, popular, policy, politics, natural, victory, capital, physics, ability, development, activity, necessity, difficult, appetite, memorize
3.	Если слово состоит из четырех и более слогов, то оно имеет два ударения: главное - на втором или третьем слоге от конца, и второстепенное – на первом или втором слоге от начала слова.	university, possibility, electricity, originality, examination, patronymic, conversation, revolution, indivisible, intractability, introductory
4.	В существительных с суффиксами –tion главное ударение падает на гласную, предшествующую суффиксу	station, position, relation, condition, production, affection, addition, injection, imagination
5.	В словах с префиксами a-, be-, com-, con-, dis-, mis-, in-, im-, pre-, re- ударение падает на второй слог	along, among, about, amount, amaze, dislike, dismiss, mistake, prepare, begin, remake, compare, consult, repeat, repair
6.	В сложных существительных ударение падает на первый слог	bookcase, something, newspaper, bookshelf, textbook, grandfather, nobody, Englishman

UNIT 2

ИМЯ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ

(THE NOUN)

МНОЖЕСТВЕННОЕ ЧИСЛО СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ

(PLURAL OF NOUNS)

1. Образование множественного числа

RULE	EXAMPLES
N+s	computer –computers program – programs
N+es после –s, -ss, -ch, -sh	process – processes box-boxes switch-stitches dish –dishes
Только исчисляемые существительные образуют множественное число.

2. Правила написания

RULE	EXAMPLES	SOME EXCEPTIONS
1. Измени y на i и прибавь окончание –es, если существительное в единственном числе оканчивается на y с предшествующим согласным	faculty – faculties university – universities
2. Измени –f на –v, если существительное в единственном числе оканчивается на –f(e).	knife – knives wife –wives	roof – roofs, chief – chiefs, gulf –gulfs, proof –proofs, belief –beliefs
3. Прибавь –es, если существительное в единственном числе оканчивается на –o.	hero-heroes

3. Исключения

SINGULAR	PLURAL	SINGULAR	PLURAL
man	men	basis	bases
woman	women	crisis	crises
child	children	analysis	analyses
tooth	teeth	axis	axes
foot	feet	radius	radii
mouse	mice	criterion	criteria
		datum	data
		formula	formulae
		phenomenon	phenomena

ОСОБОЕ СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ С ГЛАГОЛОМ

NOUNS	RULE	EXAMPLES
hair, news, information, mathematics, physics, cards, business, advice, progress, money, knowledge	согласуются с глаголом в единственном числе	Money is on the table. Her hair is long. The news is important. Mathematics is the subject I study.
scissors, trousers, shorts, spectacles, glasses, stairs, goods, holidays, clothes	согласуются с глаголом во множественном числе	Your trousers are in the wardrobe. These goods are expensive. Her clothes were of the latest fashion.

ПРИТЯЖАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ПАДЕЖ СУЩЕТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ

(POSSESSIVE CASE OF NOUNS)

1. Образование

RULE	EXAMPLES
Прибавляется окончание - 's (апостроф + s): 1) к существительному в единственном числе 2) к существительному во множественном числе, если у существительного нет окончания –s или –es.	a boy’s computer the children's names
Прибавляется только апостроф к существительному во множественном числе, имеющему окончание –s или –es.	the boys’ computers

2. Употребление

RULE	EXAMPLES
С существительными, обозначающими одушевленные предметы.	the student’s success
С существительными, обозначающими время и единицы времени: hour, day, month, year, morning, yesterday, today, tomorrow.	hour’s delay morning’s paper yesterday’s tests
С существительными, обозначающими названия городов, стран, а также с существительными типа: world, earth country.	Russia's achievements the earth’s axis

3. Примечание: Функцию притяжательного падежа также выполняет предлог of.

АРТИКЛИ

(ARTICLES)

1. Виды артиклей и их употребление

ARTICLE	USAGE	EXAMPLES
Неопределенный артикль (the indefinite article)	а) перед исчисляемыми существительным в един-ственном числе при обозначении принадлеж-ности предмета к какому-либо классу: с глаголами to be, to become, to see, to have (got), c оборотом there+be, со словом as; б) перед исчисляемыми существительным в един-ственном числе, которые определяются описатель-ными определениями и такими наречиями, как quite, such, rather.	He is a student. He became a programmer. He works as a programmer. There is a computer in her room. It was a fine day. He is quite an experienced programmer. This is rather a complicated problem. You won’t give such an answer.
Определенный артикль (the definite article)	а) перед существитель-ными в единственном и множественном числе, когда речь идет о конкрет-ном предмете, который может быть выделен с помощью: of-фразы; определительного придаточного предложения; некоторых прилагательных: right – правильный, тот, который нужен; правый wrong – не тот, левый very – тот самый only – единственный main – главный same – тот же самый following–следующий present – настоящий, те-кущий proper–надлежащий, нуж-ный previous–предыдущий necessary – необходимый usual – обычный; б) перед прилагательными в превосходной степени и порядковыми числитель-ными	I wrote a program. I’d like to know your reaction to the program. The keyboard of a computer looks like a typewriter. The pictures that I have here are very expensive. It is the main street in the city. Read the following words. The previous problem was easy to solve. This is the best way to solve this problem. The first of September is the beginning of an academic year.
Нулевой артикль (The zero article)	а) с вещественными и абстрактными существительными; б) перед названиями учебных предметов.	It is necessary to provide security. Oxygen is necessary for life. I study mathematics.

EXERCISES

1. Transcribe and read the following words

VERBS	NOUNS
use	use
house	house
excuse	excuse
advise	advice
process	process
present	present
record	record
conduct	conduct
increase	increase
export	export
import	import
object	object
subject	subject
progress	progress
influence	influence

2. Give plural of the following nouns where possible.

machine, woman, fraction, microphone, the moon, activity, button, key, operation, calculator, child, life, command, branch, man, buffer, message, criterion, mathematics, mathematician, chip, zero, character, figure, silicon, radius, user, mouse, cursor, measurement, disk, address, monitor, event, money, processor, phenomenon, copper, device, country, computer, datum, date, screen, scanner, device, bus, equipment, port, language, cable, procedure, typewriter.

3. Choose the proper verb

1. The news (is, are) heard on TV at 10 p.m. 2. His hair (is, are) blond. 3. His trousers (is, are) torn. 4. A pair of clean trousers (is, are) in the wardrobe. 5. The furniture (is, are) of good quality. 6. This information (is, are) not reliable. 7. Your spectacles (is, are) on the table. 8. Physics (is, are) concerned with the phenomena of nature. 9. There (is, are) some money in my pocket. 10. These scissors (is, are) blunt. 11. Her clothes (is, are) old fashioned. 12 Mathematics (is, are) a science. 13. Those goods (is, are) worth buying. 14. Summer holidays (is, are) long.

4. Translate these sentences into Russian.

1. Our professor’s assistant is a young man. 2. My brother’s notebook is on the table. 3. These are some new data about the moon‘s surface. 4. He lives in fifteen minutes’ walk from the University. 5. This professor’s books are difficult to read as they are too scientific. 6. We saw the students’ works. 7. What are her children’s names? 8. My friend’s brother is good at mathematics.

5. Change the sentences according to the pattern

Pattern: That is the book of my brother.

That is my brother’s book.

1. This is the computer of my father. 2. This is the CD-player of my sister. 3. These are the inventions of the famous scientist. 4. What’s the name of that girl? 5. The flat of my parents is comfortable. 6. I don’t know the names of these students. 7. Do you know the names of these children? 8. The articles of this scientist are difficult to read. 9. The investigations of this scientist are well known. 10. The theory of information of Shannon is used in computer science.

6. Translate into Russian

research laboratory, research methods, calculus methods, desk calculator, production achievements, high quality products, program data, program instructions, instruction decoding, control unit, control unit signals, speed control system studies, input devices, output devices, speed output devices, input port, output port, input/output ports, port addresses, memory and input/output port addresses.

7. Write the following word combinations in the plural paying attention to the use of articles.

Pattern: a profound mathematician - profound mathematicians

the skilled student – the skilled students

a slow calculator, the good carrier of electricity, a programmable computer, a long message, the laser printer, the high-speed processor, a decimal fraction, a computer program, a software instruction, the reliable datum.

8. Explain the use of articles

1. What a difficult mathematical problem! 2. Translate the following sentences into Russian. 3. Use the proper device. 4. It was a slow computer. 5. It was the machine to decipher messages. 6. It is the usual way out. 7. I saw her at the end of the previous day. 8. The first computers occupied much space. 9. There is a laser printer on her table. 10. The history of computers goes back into the past. 11. It is the very device I want to buy. 12. Lobachevsky is an outstanding mathematician. 13. Do the same thing. 14. The commands of a computer are called instructions.

9. Insert the articles

1. This is ___computer I want to buy. 2. Not _ word was spoken, not _ sound was made. 3. _ only way is to install__ new devices. 4. He is _ very man I want to talk about my future plans. 5. __ purpose of ___input hardware is to collect___ data and convert them into ___form suitable for __ computer processing. 6. _ books which are on the table are mine. 7. Such _ answer won’t do. 8. It’s ___ reliable machine. 9. ___design of __ Central Processing Unit affects ___speed of ___ computer. 10. Is it _ program you want to install? 11. I like to do _ same things at _ same time. 12. Such ____difficult problem! 12. One of___ most exciting developments in ____ modems is ___ability of ___ modem to transmit ___ voice via ___ telephone lines. 13. At___ department of ___ applied mathematics ___students study ___lot of ____special subjects. 14. __ bit is ____smallest unit of ___ computer memory. 15.__ computer system includes ___ hardware and __ software. 16. ___ mathematics is ___ queen of ___science. 17. There is ___ personal computer in his room.

UNIT 3

МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ

(PRONOUNS)

ЛИЧНЫЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ

(PERSONAL PRONOUNS)

NUMBER	PERSON	NOMINATIVE CASE Именительный падеж	OBJECTIVE CASE Объектный падеж
Singular	1 2 3	I you he she it	me you him her it
Plural	1 2 3	we you they	us you them

ПРИТЯЖАТЕЛЬНЫЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ

(POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS)

NUMBER	PERSON	DEPENDENT FORM Зависимая форма	INDEPENDENT FORM Независимая форма
Singular	1 2 3	my your his her its	mine yours his hers its
Plural	1 2 3	our your their	ours yours theirs
		используется, когда притяжательное место-имение определяет су-ществительное: This is her computer.	используется, когда притяжательное место-имение не определяет существительное: This computer is hers.

УКАЗАТЕЛЬНЫЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ

(DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS)

_________________________________________________________

Singular plural

___________________________________________________________________

this these

that those

_______________________________________________________

МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ SOME, ANY, NO, EVERY И ИХ ПРОИЗВОДНЫЕ

SOME	ANY	NO	EVERY
somebody	anybody	nobody	everybody
someone	anyone	no one	everyone
something	anything	nothing	everything
somewhere	anywhere	nowhere	everywhere
используются в утвердительных предложениях	используются в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях. Но: any исполь-зуется в утвер-дительном пред-ложении в значе-нии «любой».

МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ MANY, MUCH, FEW, LITTLE, A FEW, A LITTLE

1. Использование

PRONOUNS	USAGE
many –много few – мало a few – несколько	используются с исчисляемыми существительными
much – много little – мало a little – немного	используются с неисчисляемыми существительными

СИНОНИМЫ МЕСТОИМЕНИЙ MANY И MUCH

MANY	MUCH
a lot of	a lot of
lots of	lots of
plenty of	plenty of
	a great (good) deal of

EXERCISES

1. Fill in the blanks with the possessive pronouns

1. This is ____ notebook and that one is _____ (my, yours). 2. This is not ____ mobile phone, ___ is expensive (hers, her). 3. These tests are not ____ (our, ours). 4. These are ___ notes, those ones are _____ (theirs, our). 5. ___ name is Peter, ___ is John (my, his). 6. That computer is ____ (my, mine).

2. Write the sentences in plural making necessary changes.

1. This is an important phenomenon. 2. This is a scientific laboratory. 3. That new device is reliable. 4. This datum is worth checking. 5. This is a man. 6. Is that scanner expensive? 7. Could you give me that book? 8. This is a mouse. 9. That formula is complicated. 11. This criterion is important. 12. This girl’s friend is a student.

3. Write the sentences in singular making necessary changes.

1. These are nuclei. 2. Those are important data. 3. These articles are interesting, those ones are interesting, too. 4. These are mice. 5. Those are monitors. 6. Could you give me these newspapers? 7. These are high-speed computers. 8. What are those students’ names? 9. These analyses are valuable. 10. Those are the bases of all sciences.

4. Put some, any, no or their compounds into the gaps

1. He has ___ programs written for the computer. 2. Are there ___ interesting articles in this newspaper? 3. ___ student may come to the professor and ask questions after the class. 4. There aren’t ___ phenomena you are interested in. 5. Has he got ____ new computer games? 6. There are ____ personal computers in the office. 7. Are there ___ lectures on Friday? 8. There was ____ interesting in that paper. Read this one. 9. Did you find _____ interesting in this article? 10. I can tell you ____ interesting. 11. If the weather is bad we shall go ___ . 12. If the weather is good we shall go ______ . 13. Is there _____ in the room? 14. I can tell you ___ . Ask ___ else about it. 15. I couldn’t get this book ___ . 16. _____ knows this theory well. 17. Is ____ waiting for me? 18. Would you like to eat ____ ? – No, thank you. I don’t want ____ . 19. Did ____ miss the lecture yesterday? 20. Will you take _____ to read?

Примечание: В общих и специальных вопросах, в которых что-нибудь предлагается или выражается какая-либо просьба, употребляются местоимения someone, somebody, something.

5. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the underlined words.

1. There are few students in the reading room. 2. There are a few students in the reading room. 3. Few of them can compile programs. 4. A few of them can compile programs. 5. He has a large number of English books but very few French books. 6. He has a few English books. 7. I have little time to think this problem over. 8. I have a little time. 9. I have little time for reading. 10. I have little money but I can lend you a little.

6. Join the sentences using both…and

Pattern: It was cold yesterday. It was raining, too.

It was both cold and rainy yesterday.

Вчера было и холодно, и дождливо.

The country is rich in coal. The country is rich in oil, too.

The country is both rich in coal and oil.

Страна богата как углем, так и нефтью.

1. John is good at mathematics. Mike is good at mathematics, too. 2. It was hot yesterday. It was sunny, too. 3. John is doing well at the University. Mary is doing well, too. 4. The professor advised Peter to read his paper. The professor advised Martin to read his paper, too. 5. Jane is a brilliant student. John is a brilliant student, too.

7. a) Join the sentences using either…or

Pattern: Peter (Mark) knows mathematics.

Either Peter or Mark knows mathematics.

Или Петр, или Марк знают математику.

You may read about this program today (tomorrow).

You may read about this program either today or tomorrow.

Ты можешь прочитать об этой программе либо сегодня, либо завтра.

1. John (Bill) told them about the lecture. 2. They will go to the reading room today (tomorrow). 3. Mary (Jane) is at the computer class now. 4. Mathematics (physics) is the subject he likes most of all. 5. You may search for the information in the Internet now (after lunch).

b) Join the sentences using neither…nor

Pattern: Mary wasn’t busy yesterday. Jane wasn’t busy either.

Neither Mary nor Jane was busy yesterday.

Ни Мэри, ни Джейн не были заняты вчера.

1. John has no mistakes in his test. Mark has no mistakes either. 2. I was not at the computer class. My friend wasn’t at the computer class either. 3. I didn’t study mathematical analysis. My brother didn’t study mathematical analysis either. 4. He didn’t call them yesterday. He didn’t call them the day before yesterday either. 5. Mike is not fond of programming. I am not fond of programming either.

Примечание: В предложениях с союзами either…or или neither…nor глагол-сказуемое согласуется в лице и числе с последним подлежащим:

Either Mary or John was tired.

Neither he nor I was tired.

TESTS

TEST 1

Choose the correct answer

1. His task is similar to _______________ .

a) I b) me c) my d) mine

2. This is a computer. ___ is a reliable machine.

a) he b) him c) its d) it

3. This situation is very difficult for_______ .

a) we b) us c) our d) ours

4. I want to inform ________ of the latest conference.

a) he b) him c) his d) hers

5. He did it simply to see what _____ would say.

a) you b) your c) your’s d) yours

6. He has a sister. _______sister studies at the University.

a) she b) him c) her d) his

7. I saw ______ in the computer class yesterday.

a) she b) her c) her’s d) hers

8. There is a lot of information on this site. ___ is useful.

a) her b) hers c) it d) its

9. The book I’m looking for is not_____ .

a) you b) your c) yours d) yours’|

10. Let ____ wait for the results.

a) our b) ours c) we d) us

TEST 2

Choose the correct answer

1. There are _____ switches in this device.

a) much b) many c) a great deal of

2. There are _____ students in the computer class.

a) few b) little c) a little

3. _____ computers are expensive.

a) this b) that c) these

4. ______computers are less expensive.

a) this b) those c) that

5. _____ students are interested in this theory.

a) some b) any c) somebody

6. There are _____ programs available to the computer.

a) a lot of b) a great deal of c) much

7. ______ is playing computer games now because it is forbidden at that time.

a) someone b) anyone c) no one

8. Could you give me _____ to read?

a) something b) anything c) no one

9. Wait for me ____.

a) little b) a little c) a few

10. Neither Mary nor John ____ at the lecture.

a) am b) is c) are

11. We study ____ hardware and software.

a) both b) either c) neither

12. I can do this work ____ in the morning or in the evening.

a) both b) either d) neither

13. ______ computer should be reliable.

a) some b) any c) anyone

14. Is there _____ to help me with this problem?

a) somebody b) anybody c) nobody

15. ____ money has been already spent.

a) many b) few c) a great deal of

UNIT 4

ПОВЕЛИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ

(IMPERATIVE SENTENCES)

Повелительное предложение служит для того, чтобы побудить человека сделать что-то. Оно выражает команду, просьбу, приглашение и т.п.

1. Общее правило образования

RULE	EXAMPLES
1. Во втором лице единственного и множественного числа используется инфинитив без частицы to.	Come along with me.
2. В первом и третьем лице единственного и множественного числа используется следующая модель: let + существительное или местоимение в объектном падеже + инфинитив без частицы to.	Let me go and see her. Let Mary close the door.
3. При образовании отрицательного предложения используется вспомога-тельный глагол do.	Don’t come along with me. Don’t let her go with him.

2. Образцы повелительных предложений во всех лицах

NUMBER	PERSON	EXAMPLE	TRANSLATION
Singular	1 2 3	Let me translate the text. Translate the text. Let him translate the text. Let her translate the text.	Разрешите (позвольте) мне перевести текст. Переведи текст. Пусть он переведет текст. Позвольте ему перевести текст. Пусть она переведет текст. Позвольте ей перевести текст.
Plural	1 2 3	Let us (let’s) translate the text. Translate the text. Let them translate the text.	Давайте переведем текст. Переведите текст. Пусть они переведут текст. Позвольте им перевести текст.

EXERCISES

1. Find and translate the sentences which are in the imperative mood.

Vesta provides you with a quick way to start any application, including the Office applications, as follows:

• Click the Start button on the taskbar. The Start menu opens in the Start Search text box at the bottom of the menu.

• Type all or part of the name of the application you want to start. A list of matching applications (and files with typed information in them) appears.

• Click the desired Office program. The program window appears on the screen.

2. Translate into English.

1. Найдите информацию по этой теме в Интернете. 2. Позволь мне воспользоваться твоим компьютером. 3. Давайте обсудим эту проблему после лекции по программированию. 4. Выключи компьютер, пожалуйста. 5. Пусть она включит компьютер сама. 6. Не позволяй ему проводить много времени за компьютерными играми. 7. Не используют это приложение. 8. Пусть они откроют стартовое меню. 9. Давайте установим это программу. 10. Позвольте мне установить эту программу самому. 11. Подожди меня немного, пожалуйста. Я хочу пойти в читальный зал с тобой.

UNIT 5

THERE+BE

MEANING	VERB CORRESPONDENCE	TRANSLATION PECULIARITIES
Предложения с there +be означают присутствие или отсутствие лица или предмета в определенном месте.	Если предложение имеет несколько су-ществительных после “there +be”, то сказуе-мое согласуется с первым из них: There is a computer, some books and copy-books on the table. There are students and a lecturer in the room.	Предложения с "there + be” переводится с обстоятельства места: На столе есть компьютер, несколько книг и тетрадей. В комнате находятся студенты и лектор.

EXERCISES

1. Use the predicate in all tense forms.

1. There (to be) a new computer and many books in his room. 2. There (to be) twelve faculties at the University. 3. There (to be) a research institute there. 4. There (to be) a few students in the lecture hall. 5. There (to be) a building of the University in this street.

2. a) Study the following table

___________________________________________________________

There is a large number of desks

_____________________________________ chairs

There are many pens

a lot of pencils

plenty of books

few boxes

a few students

some keys

no processors

_________________________________________________________________

There is much money

a great deal of water

a lot of coffee

plenty of sugar

little butter

a little chalk

some cheese

no tea

b) Choose the correct determiner

1. There are (many, much) research laboratories at the University. 2. There is (many, a great deal of) money in the bank. 3. There are (many, a great deal of) new buildings in this part of the city. 4. There is (a large number of, a great deal of) students at the University. 5. There is (some, any) bread on the table. 6. There are (a little, a few) symbols on the page. 7. There is (little, few) tea in my cup. 8. There is (a little, a few) copper in this device.

3. Choose the proper form of the verb

1. There (is, are) some new words in this text. 2. There (is, are) a large number of keys on the keyboard. 3. There (is, are) a lot of messages in my mail-box. 4. There (was, were) many programs for a computer. 5. There (was, were) a great deal of water everywhere. 6. There (is, are) plenty of computers at our department. 7. There (is, are) plenty of sunshine in the room we study. 8. There (was, were) no sunshine in the room we studied yesterday. 9. There (was, were) much money in my purse yesterday. There (is, are) a little money there today. 10. There (was, were) few students at the lecture. 11. There (is, are) a few boys in our group. 12. There (is, are) a CD player and some disks on my table. 13. There (is, are) some disks and a CD player on my table.

TEXTS