- •Vasyl Yatskiv,
- •Content
- •Introduction
- •1. Theory
- •1.1. Arithmetic Operators
- •1.2. Relational Operators
- •1.3. Logical Operators
- •1.4. Increment/Decrement Operators
- •1.5. Assignment Operator
- •1.6. Conditional Operator
- •1.7. Comma Operator
- •1.8. The sizeof Operator
- •1.9. Operator Precedence
- •1.10. Simple Type Conversion
- •2. Lab Overview
- •3. Report Structure
- •4. Control Exercises
- •5. References
- •Lab #2. Control structures
- •1. Theory
- •1.1. Simple and Compound Statements
- •1.2. The if Statement
- •1.3. The switch Statement
- •1.4. The while Statement
- •1.5. The do Statement
- •1.6. The for Statement
- •1.7. The continue Statement
- •1.8. The break Statement
- •1.9. The goto Statement
- •1.10. The return Statement
- •2. Lab Overview
- •3. Report Structure
- •4. Control Exercises
- •5. References
- •1. Theory
- •1.1. A Simple Function
- •1.2. Parameters and Arguments
- •1.3. Global and Local Scope
- •1.4. Scope Operator
- •1.5. Symbolic Constants
- •1.6. Inline Functions
- •1.7. Recursion
- •1.8. Default Arguments
- •2. Lab Overview
- •3. Report Structure
- •4. Control Exercises
- •5. References
- •Lab #4. Arrays, pointers, references and dynamic variables
- •1. Theory
- •1.1 Arrays
- •1.2 Multidimensional Arrays
- •1.3 Pointers
- •1.4 Dynamic Memory
- •1.5 Pointer Arithmetic
- •1.6 References
- •2. Lab Overview
- •3. Report Structure
- •4. Control Exercises
- •5. References
- •Lab #5. Structures
- •1. Theory
- •1.1 Introducing Structures
- •1.2 Using a Structure in a Program
- •1.3 Program Notes
- •1.4 Other Structure Properties
- •1.5 Arrays of Structures
- •2. Lab Overview
- •3. Report Structure
- •4. Control Exercises
- •5. References
- •Lab #6. Strings
- •1. Theory
- •1.1. Introduction to Strings
- •1.2. Concatenating String Constants
- •1.3. Using Strings in an Array
- •1.4. Reading String Input a Line at a Time
- •1.5. Line-Oriented Input with gets()
- •1.6. Introducing the string Class
- •1.7. Assignment, Concatenation, and Appending
- •1.8. More string Class Operations
- •1.9. More on string Class I/o
- •2. Lab Overview
- •3. Report Structure
- •4. Control Questions
- •5. References
- •Annex a Report’s Title Page
- •From discipline “Algorithmization and Programming” Topic: _______________________________________________
5. References
5.1. Juan Soulié. C++ Language Tutorial. – 2007. – p. 21-33.
5.2. Sharam Hekmat. C++ Essentials. – PragSoft Corporation 2005. – p. 17-29.
5.3. Prata S. C++ Primer Plus (5th Edition). – Sams, 2004. – p. 95-108.
Lab #2. Control structures
Goal: program the problem solving using C++ control structures
1. Theory
Statements represent the lowest-level building blocks of a program. A running program spends all of its time executing statements. The order in which statements are executed is called control flow. This term reflect the fact that the currently executing statement has the control of the CPU, which when completed will be handed over (flow) to another statement. Flow control in a program is typically sequential, from one statement to the next, but may be diverted to other paths by branch statements. Flow control is an important consideration because it determines what is executed during a run and what is not, therefore affecting the overall outcome of the program.
Like many other procedural languages, C++ provides different forms of statements for different purposes. Declaration statements are used for defining variables. Assignment-like statements are used for simple, algebraic computations. Branching statements are used for specifying alternate paths of execution, depending on the outcome of a logical condition. Loop statements are used for specifying computations which need to be repeated until a certain logical condition is satisfied. Flow control statements are used to divert the execution path to another part of the program.
1.1. Simple and Compound Statements
A simple statement is a computation terminated by a semicolon. Variable definitions and semicolon-terminated expressions are examples:
int i; // declaration statement
++i; // this has a side-effect
double d = 10.5; // declaration statement
d + 5; // useless statement!
The last example represents a useless statement, because it has no side-effect (d is added to 5 and the result is just discarded).
The simplest statement is the null statement which consists of just a semicolon:
; // null statement
Although the null statement has no side-effect, as we will see later in the chapter, it has some genuine uses.
Multiple statements can be combined into a compound statement by enclosing them within braces. For example:
{
int min, i = 10, j = 20;
min = (i < j ? i : j);
cout << min << '\n';
}
Compound statements are useful in two ways: (i) they allow us to put multiple statements in places where otherwise only single statements are allowed, and (ii) they allow us to introduce a new scope in the program. A scope is a part of the program text within which a variable remains defined. For example, the scope of min, i, and j in the above example is from where they are defined till the closing brace of the compound statement. Outside the compound statement, these variables are not defined.
Because a compound statement may contain variable definitions and defines a scope for them, it is also called a block. The scope of a C++ variable is limited to the block immediately enclosing it.