- •Preface
- •1.1. Problems of stylistic research
- •1.1. Problems of stylistic research
- •1.1. Problems of stylistic research
- •1.2. Stylistics of language and speech
- •1.2. Stylistics of language and speech
- •1.3. Types of stylistic research and branches of stylistics
- •1.4. Stylistics and other linguistic disciplines
- •1.4. Stylistics and other linguistic disciplines
- •1.5. Stylistic neutrality and stylistic colouring
- •1.5. Stylistic neutrality and stylistic colouring
- •1.5. Stylistic neutrality and stylistic colouring
- •1.6. Stylistic function notion
- •1.6. Stylistic function notion
- •1.6. Stylistic function notion
- •2.1. Expressive means and stylistic devices
- •2.1. Expressive means and stylistic devices
- •2.2. Different classifications of expressive means
- •2.2. Different classifications of expressive means
- •2.2. Different classifications of expressive means
- •2.2. Different classifications of expressive means
- •2.2. Different classifications of expressive means
- •2.2. Different classifications of expressive means
- •2.2.2. Stylistic theory and classification of expresssive means by g. Leech
- •2.2. Different classifications of expressive means
- •2.2. Different classifications of expressive means
- •2.2. Different classifications of expressive means
- •2.2. Different classifications of expressive means
- •2.2. Different classifications of expressive means
- •2.2. Different classifications of expressive means
- •2.2.4. Classification of expressive means and stylistic devices by y. M.Skrebnev
- •2.2. Different classifications of expressive means
- •2.2. Different classifications of expressive means
- •2.2. Different classifications of expressive means
- •2.2. Different classifications of expressive means
- •2.2. Different classifications of expressive means
- •2.2. Different classifications of expressive means
- •2.2. Different classifications of expressive means
- •2.2. Different classifications of expressive means
- •2.2. Different classifications of expressive means
- •3.1. The theory of grammatical gradation.
- •3.2. Grammatical metaphor and types of grammatical transposition
- •3.2. Grammatical metaphor and types of grammatical transposition
- •3.2. Grammatical metaphor and types of grammatical transposition
- •3.3. Morphological stylistics.
- •3.3.1. The noun and its stylistic potential
- •3.3.2. The article and its stylistic potential
- •3.3.3. The stylistic power of the pronoun
- •3.3.4. The adjective and its stylistic functions
- •3.3.5. The verb and its stylistic properties
- •3.4. Stylistic syntax
- •3.4. Stylistic syntax
- •3.4. Stylistic syntax
- •3.4. Stylistic syntax
- •4.1. The notion of style in functional stylistics
- •4.1. The notion of style in functional stylistics
- •4.2. Correlation of style, norm and function in the language
- •4.2. Correlation of style, norm and function in the language
- •I.V.Arnold presents these relations as a system of oppositions:
- •4.2. Correlation of style, norm and function in the language
- •4.3. Language varieties:
- •4.3. Language varieties: regional, social, occupational
- •4.3. Language varieties: regional, social, occupational
- •4.4. An overview of functional style systems
- •4.4. Ал overview of functional style systems
- •The Style of Official documents:
- •4.4. An overview of functional style systems
- •1. Literary or Bookish Style:
- •2. PVee («Colloquial») Style:
- •Literary colloquial style;
- •Familiar colloquial style.
- •4.4. An overview of functional style systems
- •1. Colloquial Styles:
- •4.4. An overview of functional style systems
- •Official business style.
- •Scientific-professional style.
- •Publicist style.
- •Literary colloquial style.
- •Familiar colloquial style.
- •4.4. An overview of functional style systems
- •4.4. An overview of functional style systems
- •4.5. Distinctive linguistic features of the major functional styles of English
- •4.5.1. Literary colloquial style
- •4.5.2. Familiar colloquial style
- •4.5.3. Publicist (media) style
- •4.5.4. The style of official documents
- •4.5.5. Scientific/academic style
- •5.1. Stylistics of the author and of the reader. The notions of encoding and decoding
- •5.2. Essential concepts of decoding stylistic analysis and types of foregrounding
- •5.2. Essential concepts of decoding stylistic analysis
- •5.2. Essential concepts of decoding stylistic analysis
- •5.2.1. Convergence
- •5.2. Essential concepts of decoding stylistic analysis
- •5.2.2. Defeated expectancy
- •5.2. Essential concepts of decoding stylistic analysis
- •5.2.3. Coupling
- •5.2. Essential concepts of decoding stylistic analysis
- •5.2.4. Semantic field
- •5.2. Essential concepts of decoding stylistic analysis
- •5.2. Essential concepts of decoding stylistic analysis
- •5.2.5. Semi-marked structures
4.5. Distinctive linguistic features of the major functional styles of English
A description of five major functional styles given in this section is based on their most distinctive features on each level of the language structure: pnonetical (where possible), morphological, syntactical, lexical and compositional. A peculiar combination of these features and special emphasis on some of them creates the paradigm of what is called a scientific or publicist text, a legal or other official document, colloquial or formal speech.
4.5.1. Literary colloquial style
Phonetic features
Standard pronunciation in compliance with the national norm, enunciation.
Phonetic compression of frequently used forms, e.g. it's, don't, I've.
Chapter 4. The Theory of Functional Styles
Omission of unaccented elements due to the quick tempo, e. g. you know him ?
Morphological features
Use of regular morphological features, with interception of evaluative suffixes e. g. deary, doggie, duckie.
Prevalence of active and finite verb forms.
Syntactical features
Use of simple sentences with a number of participial and infinitive constructions and numerous parentheses.
Syntactically correct utterances compliant with the literary norm.
Use of various types of syntactical compression, simplicity of syntactical connection.
Use of grammar forms for emphatic purposes, e. g. progressive verb forms to express emotions of irritation, anger etc.
Decomposition and ellipsis of sentences in a dialogue (easily reconstructed from the context).
Use of special colloquial phrases, e.g. that friend of yours. Lexical features
Wide range of vocabulary strata in accordance with the register of communication and participants' roles: formal and informal, neutral and bookish, terms and foreign words.
4.5. Distinctive linguistic features of the major functional styles
Basic stock of communicative vocabulary—stylistically neutral.
Use of socially accepted contracted forms and abbreviations, e. g. fridge for refrigerator, ice for ice-cream, TV for television, CD for compact disk, etc.
Use of etiquette language and conversational formulas, such as nice to see you, my pleasure, on behalf of, etc.
Extensive use of intensifiers and gap-fillers, e. g. absolutely, definitely, awfully, kind of, so to speak, I mean, if I may say so.
Use of interjections and exclamations, e. g. Dear me, My God, Goodness, well, why, now, oh.
Extensive use of phrasal verbs let sb down, put up with, stand sb up.
Use of words of indefinite meaning like thing, stuff.
Avoidance of slang, vulgarisms, dialect words, jargon.
Use of phraseological expressions, idioms and figures of speech.
Compositional features
Can be used in written and spoken varieties: dialogue, monologue, personal letters, diaries, essays, articles, etc.
Prepared types of texts may have thought out and logical composition, to a certain extent determined by conventional forms (letters, Presentations, articles, interviews).
Spontaneous types have a loose structure, relative coherence and uniformity of form and content.
Chapter 4. The Theory of Functional Styles