II. True or false statements:

1. Tiny animals first appeared in the earth's oceans were the first vertebrates with no jaws but fins and backbones.

2. Fish have a number of fins preventing them from free movement through the water

3. Carbon dioxide passes from the water into blood vessels in the gills and oxygen passes out of through the gills.

4. Female fish release jelly-coated eggs into the water and male fish release sperm to fertilize the eggs.

5. In most fish species the fertilization occurs inside the body of the female.

6. Fish are able to maintain a constant body temperature when remaining in different fish environments.

III. Replace the words in brackets by the english equivalents:

1. The early fish had no (щелепи) but they had (плавники).

2. Fish are (хребетні). Their bodies are covered with (луска).

3. Some (плавники) keep a fish upright, and other help the fish (рухатися) and (зупинятися).

4. Fish have well-developed (нервова,система травлення,кровообігу)

5. (Кисень) passes from the water into (кровоносні судини) in the (зябри).

6. In the most species (самка) release (желеподібні ікринки) into the water.

7. The type of (запліднення) occurs outside the (тіло) of the (самка), it is called (зовнішнє запліднення)

IV. Fill in the blanks with the words given below the text and translate:

Many … and other aquatic … can change their … but peppermint … are the life of the party. … in the Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean the … begin life as males. The most change to a … . They retain their male … , produce … , … other female-phase shrimps even when incubating their own … .

*embryos, ducts, fertilize, sperm, female-phase, fish, shrimps, creatures, sex, shrimps, dwelling.

Text 3

Fish

Anyone who has eaten a flounder or a trout knows why such fish are called bony fish. Their skeleton is made of hard bones, many of which are quite small and sharp.

One important characteristic of bony fish is their swim bladder. The swim bladder is a sac filled with air that the fish can deflate or inflate. The swim bladder acts in much the same way as a life preserver that keeps people afloat By letting air in and out of the bladder, a fish can float at any level in the water. That is why a fish can sleep underwater and not sink, even though it is not moving its fins.

There are many kinds of bony fish. Some have made remarkable adaptations to life in the water. The electric eel, for example, can generate large amounts of electricity, which it uses to stun its prey. The remora, a saltwater fish, uses a sucker to attach itself to a shark and feeds on bits of food the shark leaves behind.

Another fish that has adapted to its surroundings is the flounder. It is able to change colour to match the ocean bottom. In this way, the flounder hides from its predators.

Fish that live deep in the ocean have adaptations that allow them to live where there is little light. Some have light— producing organs than that flash on and off to attract prey. Others have huge eyes to help them see in the dark.

Still other fish, such as the mudskipper and the walking catfish, have adaptations that allow them to come out of the water and spend some time on land. And the lungfish can bury itself in mud to survive a dry season during which the water of the stream or pond in which it lives evaporates.

VOCABULARY:

a flounder - камбала

a trout - форель

swim bladder - міхур

an electric eel - електричний угр

adaptation – пристосування

a prey – здобич

a predator - хижак

a walking catfish - бродячий сомик

a lungfish - дволегенева риба

remora —ремора

mudskipper- мулистий скакун

I. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS:

1. What fish are called bony?

2. What is the main peculiarity of the bony fish?

3. What is the function of the swim bladder?

II. TRUE OR FALSE STATEMENTS:

1. All fish are divided into predators.

2. Bony fish have adapted to their surroundings to survive.

3. The swim bladder is filled with fluid which helps a fish float.

4. A fish can sleep under water and not sink without even moving its fins.

III. FILL IN THE BLANKS, USING THE INFORMATION OF THE TEXT:

1. … can live in mud without water to survive during hot and dry season.

2. Being able to change its color, … can save itself from being attacked by its predators.

3. Attracting their … some fish use light-producing organs.

4. Generating large amounts of electricity … can stun its prey.

IV. TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH:

1. Скелет кістлявих риб складається з твердих кісток, більшість яких є малими та гострими.

2. Важливою рисою кістлявих риб є міхур, який дозволяє рибам плавати на будь-якому рівні у воді.

3. Кістляві риби багатьох видів мають надзвичайні пристосування до навколишнього середовища у воді.

4. Електричний вугор вміє виробляти велику кількість електрики, щоб паралізувати свою здобич.

5. Камбала може змінювати свій колір, ховаючись від хижаків.

Text 4

Jawless and Cartilaginous Fish

Jawless fish are the most primitive of all fish. They are so primitive that they lack scales and fins as well as jaws.

The lamprey, the most common Jawless fish, looks like a snake with a suction-cup mouth at one end. Even though the fish has no jaws, this suction-cup mouth is very efficient. Using its mouth, the lamprey attaches itself to the soft belly of some other fish such as a trout. Then, with its teeth and rough tongue, the lamprey drills a hole into the fish and sucks out its blood and other body fluids.

There is something else that makes Jawless fish unusual. To find out what it is, take the tip of ear and forth a few times. Nothing breaks, does it? The reason is that your ear contains a flexible material called cartilage. In fact, before you were born your entire skeleton was made of cartilage. In time, the cartilage was replaced by bone, except in some places like your ear and the tip of your nose. The entire skeleton of a jawless fish is made of cartilage. The skeleton is never replaced by bone tissue. As you might expect, such a fish is very flexible and can be bent so that its head touches its tail without causing any damage to the fish.

Cartilaginous Fish

When you think of sharks, you probably think of the great white shark which has a reputation for eating people. Great white sharks, along with a few other types, have been known to attack people occasionally. But for the most part, sharks leave people alone and prefer to be left atone as well.

Sharks are included in a class of fish called cartilaginous fish. Like those of jawless fish, sharks' skeletons are made of cartilage. But unlike the jawless fish, sharks definitely have jaws. In fact, sharks are probably the most successful predators on the earth. And they have been so for hundreds of millions of years.

Also included among the cartilaginous fish are skates and rays. These fish have two large, broad fins that stick out from their sides. They beat these fins to move through the water, such as a bird beats its wings to fly through air. Rays and skates often lie on the ocean bottom, where they hide by using their «wings» to cover their bodies with sand. When an unsuspecting fish or invertebrate comes near, the hidden skate or ray is ready to attack. Some rays have a poisonous spine at the end of their long, thin tail. They use this for defense, not to catch prey. Other rays produce small charges of electricity to stun and capture prey.

VOCABULARY:

Fish jawless- безщелепна

Cartilaginous- хрящова

Lamprey- лампрі

Bone tissue- кісткова тканина

Skeleton- скелет

Tail- хвіст

Shark- акула

Predator- хижак

Skate- скат

Ray- скат

Poisonous spine- ядовита радіалія

Fluid- рідина

Prey- здобич

Catch- ловити

Capture- захоплювати

I. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS:

1. Why are jawless fish considered the most primitive?

2. What damage can jawless fish do to the vertebrates, for example, a trout?

3. What is the entire skeleton of a jawless fish made of?

4. What fish can be called cartilaginous?

II. GIVE THE ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS TO THE FOLLOWING WORDS:

Щелепи, приєднуватися, тіло, кров, смоктати, гнучкий матеріал, хрящ, кістка, кісткова тканина, причиняти ушкодження, хижак, плавники, безхребетний, захоплювати, здобич, ядовита радіалія, скат.

III. COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES:

1. Jawless fish are so primitive that they lack …

2. The most common jawless fish is … . It looks like a snake with … .

3. The skeleton of jawless fish is made of … .

4. …, …, … are included among cartilaginous fish.

5. Having a poisonous spine at the end of the long, thin tail, some rays use it for……

IV. FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE WORDS GIVEN BELOW THE TEXT AND TRANSLATE:

Averaging 25 feet long, basking … feed on … in Canada's Bay of Fundy. Last summer the scientists … eel-like bloodsucking … attached to several of the behemoths. They contacted researchers to study this behavior. Lampreys are found out to … sharks by feeding on their …, which contains high concentrations of toxic … . How do the … handle such a foul feed? The scientists think they … the urea at incredibly high rates.

*Excrete, parasitize, shark, discovered, plankton, lampreys, tissue, urea, lampreys.

Text 5