Vocabulary:

Salmon – лосось

To relate – відноситися

To return – повертатися

Throughout – усюди

To be famous for – бути відомим

Hook – гачок

Furious – несамовитий, лютий

To escape – втікати

To reach – досягати

Odor – запах

Sense – почуття

Todig–копати

I. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS:

1. Where are salmon usually born?

2. Most of the salmon spend part of their life in the salt water, don’t they?

3. What are salmon famous for?

4. When do salmon spawn?

5. Where do salmon females lay their eggs?

6. What does a baby salmon feed on?

7. What do salmon live off after reaching fresh water to spawn?

II. Find the english equivalents to the following words:

Нерест, розвиток, відомий, харчування, дорослий, течія, почуття, планктон, свіжий, морожений, копчений, досягати, узбережжя, форма тіла, подорожувати, продавати, вчений, промисловий, комаха.

III. Fill in the blanks with the words given below:

1. Adult salmon swim ____ at spawning time.

2. During _____ the salmon female lays a total of 2 000 to 10 000 eggs.

3. All male salmon develop a ______ snout.

4. Atlantic salmon is not nearly so ______ as Pacific salmon.

5. Coastal waters, lakes and rivers in many ______ of the world are ____ with salmon.

Spawning, parts, plentiful, hooked, upstream, stocked

IV. Read the following english words and find their ukrainian equivalents in the right column:

Female – течія

Male – креветка

Current – самиця

Shrimp – форель

Trout – самець

Nest – жовтковий мішок

Gravel –плавник

Fertilize – викльовуватися

Spawning – гніздо

Fat – гравій

Yolk sac – запах

Coastal – нерест

Hatch – жир

Fin – береговий

Odour – запліднювати

V. Translate into ukrainian without using a dictionary:

1. Seahorse is a small fish called like this because its head resembles that of tiny horse.

2. A seahorse’s large swim bladder holds air and enables the fish to stay at the certain depth.

3. The pectoral fins located at the side of the seahorse’s head look like a pair of airs.

4. Seahorses have an unusual way of reproducing. The male has a special pouch in which the female lays from dozens to hundreds of eggs. The male later releases tiny young.

5. Seal is a sea animal with a body shaped like a torpedo.

6. Seals are excellent swimmers and spend much time in the water, but they give birth to their young on land.

7. Seals feed on various marine animals, primarily fish and squids.

Text 10

Marine Fishes

Fishes are considered a paraphyletic group. Apart from some 50 or so species of generally parasitic lampreys and hagfishes in the superclass Agnatha, fishes are divided into two unequal-sized groups, the Chondrichthyes or cartilaginous fishes and the Osteichthyes or bony fishes. Some 60% of all known living fish species (around 14000 species) occur in marine habitats. They range in size from an 8mm-long goby Trimmatom nanus in the Indian Ocean to the 15m whale shark Rhincodon typus, respectively the smallest and the largest of all fish species, and occur in virtually all habitats, from shallow inshore waters to the abyssal depth.

The Chondrichthyes comprises the sharks, skates and rays, an overwhelmingly marine group with around 850 living species in ten orders. Although far less diverse than the bony fishes, the cartilaginous fishes include many of the largest fish species, a number of which are top predators in marine ecosystems. The Osteichthyes are remarkably diverse group, with an enormous range of morphological, physiological and behavioural adaptations. Of the 32 orders with marine representatives, by far the largest and most diversified is the Perciformes. This is the largest of all vertebrate orders and dominates vertebrate life in the ocean, as well as being the dominant fish group in many tropical and subtropical freshwaters.

As with other groups of organisms, the majority of fishes in the sea are strictly marine, occurring only in salt water. A proportion, however, may also occur in inland waters, often passing a particular part of their life-cycle there. Species that spend most of their life in marine waters but ascend rivers to breed, such as many salmonids and sturgeons are referred to as anadromous. Those, such as most eels in the family Anguillidae, that breed at sea but spend their lives otherwise in freshwater, are referred to as catadromous. Species with a wide salinity tolerance that may occur in marine, brackish and fresh waters are referred to as euryhaline while those with narrow tolerances, be they to marine, brackish or fresh water, are referred to as stenohaline.