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1700 Vocabulary List TOEFL i BT Exam.docx
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I’d like to buy some land and have a house built to my specification.

Contender, noun (contenders)

competitor

For example, a contender is someone who takes part in a competition.

Her trainer said yesterday that she would be a strong contender for a place in Britain’s

Olympic squad.

Retard, verb (retards, retarding, retarded)

delay, decelerate, detain, hang up, mire, set back, slacken, slow (up or down)

For example, if something retards a process, or the development of something, it makes it

happen more slowly. (Formal)

Continuing violence will retard negotiations over the country’s future.

Extinction, noun

For example, the extinction of a species of animal or plant is the death of all its remaining

living members.

An operation is beginning to try to save a species of crocodile from extinction.

Encroach, verb (encroaches, encroaching, encroached)

trespass, entrench, infringe, invade

For example, if one thing encroaches on another, the first thing spreads or becomes

stronger, and slowly begins to restrict the power, range, or effectiveness of the second.

Any attempt to encroach upon presidential prerogatives in this domain was quickly and

firmly resisted.

Spread, verb (spreads, spreading, spread)

circulate, diffuse, disperse, disseminate, distribute, propagate, radiate, strew

For example, if something spreads or is spread by people, it gradually reaches or affects a

larger and larger area or more and more people.

News of the large earthquake quickly spread across the nation.

Restrict, verb (restricts, restricting, restricted)

limit, bar, circumscribe, confine, delimit, delimitate

For example, if you restrict something, you put a limit on it in order to prevent it from

becoming too great.

The French, I believe, restrict Japanese imports to a maximum of three percent or their

market.

Presidential, adjective

For example, Presidential activities or things relate or belong to a president.

There are several presidential candidates.

Domain, noun (domains)

field, dominion, province, sphere, terrain, territory, walk

For example, a domain is a particular field of thought, activity, or interest, especially one

over which someone has control, influence, or rights. (Formal)

This information should be in the public domain.

Resist, verb (resists, resisting, resisted)

buck, combat, contest, dispute, duel, fight, oppose, repel, traverse, withstand; if you resist

something such as a change, you refuse to accept it and try to prevent it.

They resisted our attempt to modernize the distribution of books.

Candidate, noun (candidates)

applicant, aspirant, hopeful, seeker

For example, a candidate is someone who is being considered for a position, for example

someone who is running in an election or applying for a job.

He is a candidate for the office of Governor.

Deliberate, adjective (deliberates, deliberating, deliberated)

planned, projected, schemed, calculated, careful, meticulous, scrupulous, foresighted,

forethoughtful, provident, prudent

For example, if you do something that is deliberate, you planned or decided to do it

beforehand, and so it happens on purpose rather than by chance.

Witnesses say the firing was deliberate and sustained.

Straighten up, straighten (straightens, straightening, straightened)

order, arrange, array, dispose, marshal, methodize, systemize

For example, if you straighten something, you make it tidy or put it in its proper position.

She sipped her coffee and straightened a picture on the wall.

Sip, verb (sips, sipping, sipped)

drink, imbibe, quaff, sup (off or up), swallow, toss

For example, if you sip a drink or sip at it, you drink by taking just a small amount at a

time.

He sipped at the glass and then put it down.

Branch, noun (branches, branching, branched) limb, bough

For example, the branches of a tree are the parts that grow out from its trunk and have

leaves, flowers, or fruit, growing on them.

They’re cutting a branch off the tree.

Trunk, noun (trunks)

For example, the trunk of a tree is the large main stem from which the branches grow.

The house was built beside the gnarled trunk of a birch tree.

Stem, noun (stems, stemming, stemmed)

For example, the stem of a plant is the thin, upright part on which the flowers and leaves

grow.

He stepped down, cut the stem for her with his knife, and handed her the flower.

Gnarled, adjective

For example, a gnarled tree is twisted and strangely shaped because it is old.

There is a large and beautiful garden full of ancient gnarled trees.

Ancient, adjective

aged, age-old, antediluvian, antique, hoary, old, timeworn, venerable, obsolete

For example, ancient means very old or something which has existed for a long time.

They have practiced ancient Jewish traditions all of their lives.

Ladder, noun (ladders)

For example, a ladder is a piece of equipment used for climbing up something or down

from something. It consists of two long pieces of wood, metal, or rope with steps fixed

between them.

He is doing some work on a ladder.

Put out, verb

extinguish, douse, out, quench, squelch

For example, if you put out a fire, candle, or cigarette, you make it stop burning.

Fireman tried to free the injured and put out the blaze.

Blaze, noun (blazes, blazing, blazed)

blare, flame, flare, glare, glow

For example, a blaze is a large fire which is difficult to control and which destroys a lot of

things.

Two firemen were hurt in a blaze which swept through a tower clock last night.

Sweep, verb (sweeps, sweeping, swept)

circulate, diffuse, disperse, disseminate, distribute

For example, if events, ideas, or beliefs sweep through a place, they spread quickly.

A flu epidemic is sweeping through Moscow.

Polish, noun (polishes, polishing, polished)

luster, glaze, glint, gloss, sheen, shine

For example, polish is a substance that you put on the surface of an object in order to clean

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