Texts for Homereading.

HISTORY

The first programming languages predate the modern computer. The computers of the early 1950s used machine language programs. Machine language programming was quickly superceded by assembly language programming. Later in the 1950s assembly language programming was followed by the development of three modern programming languages: FORTRAN, LISP, and COBOL. Updated versions of all of these are still in general use each has strongly influenced the development of later languages.

FORTRAN is a problem oriented high level programming language for scientific and mathematical use. It was the first high level programming language and was developed in 1956 to easily express mathematical formulas for computer processing. It is still widely used as a programming language.

COBOL is internationally accepted programming language developed for general commercial use. The advantages of using COBOL are that it is relatively simple to learn and programs can be quickly written and tested. Programmers can easily understand programs not written by them.

At the end of the 1950s the language formalized as ALGOL was introduced, and most modern programming languages are, in many respects, descendants of ALGOL.

The 1980s were years of relative consolidation. The United States government standardized ADA, a systems programming language intended for use by defense contractors. ADA is a high level programming language, which had been composed by Augusta Ada Byron (1816 - 1852), daughter of the English poet, Lord Byron.

In Japan and elsewhere, vast sums were spent investigating so-called "fifth generation" languages that incorporated logic programming constructs.

Rather than inventing new paradigms, all of these movements elaborated upon the ideas invented in the previous decade. One important trend in language design during the 1980s was an increased focus on programming for large-scale systems through the use of modules, or large-scale organizational units of code. Modula-2, Ada, and ML all developed notable module systems in the 1980s. Module systems were often wedded to generic programming constructs.

Thousands of different programming languages have been created, and new ones are created every year.

to superced - замінювати

COMMUNICATION WITH COMPUTER

Men use languages in order to communicate with each other. When the man wishes to communicate with the computer he uses in the same way "languages" such as BASIC, PASCAL, ADA, FORTRAN, ALGOL, COBOL, PL/m and others.

BASIC is considered to be one of the easiest programming languages to learn. It is now used almost universally.

PASCAL is a general- purpose high level programming language. It is named after the famous French mathematician, Blaise Pascal. In 1642 he designed and built the first mechanical calculator, the "Pascaline".

ADA is a high level programming language. It is a PASCAL-based language, but much more comprehensive than PASCAL. It was named after Augusta Ada Byron (1816 - 1852), daughter of the English poet, Lord Byron.

FORTRAN is a problem oriented high level programming language for scientific and mathematical use. FORTRAN was the first high level programming language. It was developed in 1956 and was designed to easily express mathematical formulas for computer processing. It is still widely used as a programming language.

ALGOL was developed as an international language for the expression of the algorithms .between individuals as well as a programming language. It was introduced in the early 1960s. ALGOL was originally known as IAL or International Algebraic Language.

COBOL is internationally accepted programming language developed for general commercial use. The advantages of using COBOL are that it is relatively simple to learn and programs can be quickly written and tested. Programmers can easily understand programs not written by themselves.

THE ROLE OF COMPUTERS IN OUR LIFE

The students use the computers to do homework assignments such as writing essays. They can get a lot of background information on different topics using CD-ROMs, which have back issues of newspapers stored. Some of the students use programmes to help them catch up with schoolwork they find difficult. They used a word processor to type their application for university.

The leisure activities available on computer can be educational as well as enjoyable. There are specially designed games to play.

Lastly, students who are linked up to a computer system at home can communicate via the Internet with their friends.

WELCOME TO CYBERSPACE!

The Internet: a world of information, entertainment and communication.

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All you need to do is call us FREE on 0800-600-600, and we will take care of everything! Everything you need will come to your house in 24 hours, and you will be ready to start surfing the net! And, with COMEWITHUS.COM, going on the Internet will cost you very little. For £25 a month, you can have your own Internet connection, and your own e-mail address. So call us now, on 0800-600-600, and start exploring the wonderful world of the Internet!

SPEECH PATTERNS

	Речення для вираження згоди, незгоди або особистої думки:
1.	In my opinion (to my mind)	На мою думку
2.	It seems to me	Мені здається
3.	I consider (think)	Я вважаю (гадаю)
4.	As far as I remember (understand, know)	Наскільки я пам’ятаю (розумію, знаю)
5.	I am sure it is true (false)	Я впевнений це правда (неправда)
6.	I am not sure but I think	Я не впевнений, але я вважаю
7.	You are right (wrong, mistaken)	Ви маєте рацію (Ви помиляєтесь)
8.	Nothing of the kind	Нічого подібного
9.	That is really so	Це дійсно так
10.	I quite agree with you	Я повністю згоден з вами
11.	I disagree with you	Я не згоден з вами
12.	As a matter of fact	По суті справи

Підстановчі таблиці для переказу теми або тексту:
1.	Today In the very beginning To begin with	I can’t but mention that
		I am going to I’d like to I want to	speak on / about report on tell you about tell you a few words about say that draw one’s attention to explain mention note point know add that...
2.	Speaking about..........
3.	In addition In conclusion
4.	It is	interesting to necessary to important to

5.	Strange as it may	seem appear	but...	6.	To my mind		it is ...
					As far as	I remember I know I’m concerned

7.	As a matter of fact	it is he is	8.	As for me	I think I am sure I am not sure but I think I believe
	It’s common knowledge			To tell the truth

Linking words and phrases:

Firstly, secondly, finally, ets. When, as, while, before, since, after, by the time, as soon as, ets.

To add more information or link similar ideas we use: and, as well, furthermore, both...and, in addition(to this), also, what is more, moreover, besides (this),not only ...but also, ets.

To link contrasting ideas we use: however, on the other hand, nevertheless, although, in spite of / despite (the fact), but, ets.

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