Intervention Hypothesis

Intervention Hypothesis 1: If political-administrative actors would like to oblige the producer, the brokers, the consignees, the facilities to ensure that any waste they ship is managed without endangering human health and in an environmentally sound manner throughout the period of shipment, the political-administrative actors should divide waste into three categories: waste for disposal, green-listed waste for recovery and hazardous waste for recovery.

Intervention Hypothesis 2: If political-administrative actors would like to oblige the producer, the brokers, the consignees, the facilities to ensure that any waste they ship is managed without endangering human health and in an environmentally sound manner throughout the period of shipment, the political-administrative should ban the import of solid waste for disposal from other countries except from states which are Parties of the Basel Convention, members of EFTA and Parties to the Basel Convention, or with which the EU or individual Members States has or have concluded bilateral or multi-lateral agreements or arrangements

Intervention Hypothesis 3: If political-administrative actors would like to oblige the producer, the brokers, the consignees, the facilities to ensure that any waste they ship is managed without endangering human health and in an environmentally sound manner throughout the period of shipment, the political-administrative actors should oblige them to acquire consent after written notification for importing hazardous waste for disposal or recovery.

Intervention Hypothesis 4: If political-administrative actors would like to oblige all the target groups to ensure that any waste they ship is managed without endangering human health and in an environmentally sound manner throughout the period of shipment, the political-administrative actors should oblige them to file the movement document.

Intervention Hypothesis 5: If political-administrative actors would like to oblige all the brokers to ensure that any waste they ship is managed without endangering human health and in an environmentally sound manner throughout the period of shipment, the political-administrative actors should oblige them to acquire a license.

Intervention Hypothesis 6: If political-administrative actors would like to oblige transporters to ensure that any waste they ship is managed without endangering human health and in an environmentally sound manner throughout the period of shipment, the political-administrative actors should oblige them to acquire a license.

Intervention Hypothesis 7: If political-administrative actors would like to oblige operators of facilities to ensure that any waste they dispose or recovery without endangering human health and in an environmentally sound manner, the political-administrative actors should oblige them to acquire a permit of operating.

The triangles of actors of Germany’s policy

2.3 Comparative studies

1. The political problem definition of China’s policy of importation of solid waste, which can be found in the Measures of administration of import of solid waste, issued by the five ministries of China¹³, is built by political-administrative actors.

The political problem of Germany’s policy of import of waste is built by the analysts through referring to the problem definition of EU’s policy.¹⁴

Country	China	Germany
Problems	Environmental problem Public health problem Resource wasting problem Unhealthy development of domestic recling industry problem	Environmental problem Public health problem Resource wasting problem

China put more emphasis on the problem of unhealthy development of the recycling economy, which can be illustrated by the fact that building the recycling economy is a very important part of China’s “12^th Five-Year Plan”.¹⁵

2. There are some differences between the beneficiary groups of the policies of the two countries.

Firstly, in China’s policy of import of solid waste, the beneficiary groups also include the enterprise using imported solid waste in an environmentally way, which is also one of the target groups. As the cost of the enterprises using imported solid waste without any prevention of environmental pollution is much lower than that of the enterprises using imported solid waste in an environmentally way, which will put the latter in a disadvantage position in the market.

Secondly, the beneficiary groups of Germany’s policy not only includes the residents living around the facilities disposing or recovering waste, but also those who are under the risk of being exposed to the pollution caused by the transportation of waste.

3. In the two countries, there are cases in which residents demonstrate against the pollution caused by the imported waste.¹⁶

Also the unions of enterprise using solid waste or facilities will also try to influence the political definition of problem.

In Germany, green party will also use the political power to influence the political definition of problem.

4. Concerning the differences between the Causal Hypothesis of the two countries, the transporters is also included in the target group of Germany’s policy, as the road systems of European Union is so advanced, transport also should be controlled.

5. Concerning the intervention hypothesis, all the instruments of the two policies are in regulatory models. However, China’s political administrative actors produce more kinds of outputs.

3. PAP