- •Public Policy Analysis
- •IMpa Grands exercices de cours
- •1. Introduction 99
- •The Analysis of China’s Policy of Importing Solid Waste Zhanyu Li
- •1. Introduction 99
- •1. Introduction 99
- •8. Conclusion 129
- •Introduction
- •1.1 The choice of policies and countries
- •1.2 Short history of China’s policy of waste importation
- •1.3 Short history of Germany’s policy of waste importation
- •The Political Definition of the Problem
- •2.1 China’s political definition of the problem
- •Intervention hypothesis
- •2.2 Germany’s political definition of the problem
- •Intervention Hypothesis
- •2.3 Comparative studies
- •3.1 Five constituent elements of the pap of China’s policy of waste importation
- •3.2 Five constituent elements of the pap of Germany’s policy of waste importation
- •3.3 Comparative studies
- •China’s paAs
- •The paa of licensing the domestic consignees
- •4.2 Germany’s paAs
- •4.3 Comparative studies
- •5.1 China’s aPs
- •5.2 Germany’s aPs
- •5.3 Comparative studies
- •The outputs
- •6.1 China’s output of licensing enterprises using solid waste
- •6.2 Germany’s output of written consent of shipment of waste
- •6.3 Comparative studies
- •Evaluative Statements
- •7.1 Evaluating China’s output of licensing solid waste
- •7.2 Evaluating Germany’s output of consent
- •7.3. Comparative Studies
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •The Analysis of China’s Policy
- •Of Importing Solid Waste
- •Zhanyu Li
- •Abstract
- •Research Background
- •1.1 The definition of solid waste
- •1.2. The double-edged solid waste
- •1.3. The global waste trade
- •1.4. International conventions and agreements
- •Research Rationale
- •Literature Review and Conceptual Framework
- •3.1 The literatures on solid waste
- •3.2. The literatures on China’s import of solid waste
- •3.3. Conceptual framework
- •Research questions
- •Data Collection and Methodology
- •The overall description of solid waste imported by China
- •The driving force behind China's import of solid waste
- •7.1 The imported solid waste can mitigate the domestic lack of resources.
- •7.2. The cheap labour resources in China
- •7.3. The needs arising from certain industries
- •7.4. The underdeveloped domestic collecting system
- •7.5. Low shipping costs
- •The challenges facing Chinese public authorities
- •8.1. The transferring, renting and faking of import license.
- •8.2. The waste trafficking
- •8.3. The lack of public awareness of significance of imported solid waste
- •8.4. The inadequacy of technologies, personnel and other public resources
- •8.5. The secondary environmental pollution caused by inappropriate use of
- •Imported solid waste
- •The evolution of Chinese policies of importing solid waste
- •The current regimes of regulating import of solid waste
- •10.1. The competent authorities
- •10.2. The legal framework
- •Political agenda setting
- •Policy Programming
- •12.1. Political-administrative programs
- •12.2. Political-administrative arrangements
- •12.3. The actors' games at the stage of policy programming – the example of China's Association of Plastics Processing Industry
- •Policy implementation
- •13.1. Action plans
- •13.2. The operational analysis of aPs of enclosed management zone
- •Implementation acts (outputs)
- •14.1. Operational analysis of implementation acts
- •14.2. The Game of Policy Actors at the Stage of Policy Implementation- The example of the implementation of policy of imported solid waste at Luqiao District of Taizhou City.
- •Evaluating policy effects
- •15.1. The dimensions of evaluating the policy of import of solid waste
- •15.2. Data collections
- •15.3. Other independent variants
- •Appendix I
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Causal Model
- •2.3 Comparative discussions
- •Causal hypothesis
- •Political-administrative Program (pap)
- •Mainland China
- •3.1.1 Concrete objectives
- •3.1.2 Evaluative elements
- •3.1.3 Operational elements
- •3.1.4 Paa and resources
- •3.1.5 Procedural elements
- •Hong Kong
- •3.2.1 Concrete objectives
- •3.2.2 Evaluative elements
- •3.2.3 Operational elements
- •3.2.4 Paa and resources
- •3.2.5 Procedural elements
- •3.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •Political-administrative Arrangement (paa)
- •4.1 Mainland China
- •4.2 Hong Kong
- •4.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •Action plan (ap)
- •5.1 Mainland China
- •5.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •Outputs
- •Mainland China (Beijing)
- •6.1.1 Output one: Restrictions on the last digit of vehicle plate numbers
- •6.1.2 Output two: Lottery systems for new car plates
- •Hong Kong
- •6.2.1 Output one: Improvement of the interchange between private and public transport modes.
- •6.2.2 Output two: Use of Alternative Fuel Vehicles to replace Diesel Vehicles
- •6.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •6.3.1. Strategies
- •6.3.2. Six dimensions of the analysis of the outputs
- •Evaluative statement
- •7.1 The evaluative statement in Beijing
- •7.2 The evaluative statement in Hong Kong
- •7.3 Comparative discussion
- •Conclusion
- •References
1.2 Short history of China’s policy of waste importation
The short history of China’s policy of waste importation is presented in the following graphs,
The year of issuing |
1995 |
1996 |
2002 |
2005 |
2012 |
Title of the legislations, ordinance and decisions |
Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution Caused by Solid Waste |
The Tentative Measures on the Administration of Import of Solid Waste |
The Decisions on Adjusting the Administration of Import of Solid Waste |
The Revised Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution Caused by Solid Waste |
The Measures on Administration of Import of Solid Waste |
(Source: The Interpretation of The Measures on Administration of Import of Solid Waste, http://www.tcba.org.cn/Article_Show.asp?ArticleID=16304 )
1.3 Short history of Germany’s policy of waste importation
In Germany and all other EU member states transfrontier shipments of waste are regulated by EC Regulation No 1013/2006 on shipments of waste, which is based on the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal of 22 March 1989 and the Decision of the OECD-Council C (2001) 107on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Wastes Destined for Recovery Operations. The WSR transposes the procedural rules of both regulations into directly applicable European legislation.
Specifically, Germany has adopted the Act on Waste Shipment (Abfallverbringungsgesetz or AbfVerbrG) of 14 June 2006, which deals with administrative organization and allocation of authorities, modalities of compliance, monitoring, and enforcement mechanisms.12
The Political Definition of the Problem
2.1 China’s political definition of the problem
The hazardous solid waste, including trash waste, medical waste, and electronic waste containing virus, chemicals, radioactive elements and heavy metals brought by foreign suppliers, carriers, domestic consignees will lead to serious water, air and soil pollutions, posing big threats to the public health. Besides, the use of waste by the enterprises without capacities of recovery will not only lead to the problem of secondary environmental pollution, but also the problem of wasting resources.
Causal hypothesis
If political administrative actors, including departments of environmental protection administration at national and local level, departments of commerce administration at national and local level, departments of economic comprehensive macro-economic control at national and local level, departments of customs at national and local level, departments of quality supervision, inspection and quarantine at national and local level, would like to prevent environmental pollution caused by imported solid waste and ensure the health of the public, they should oblige foreign suppliers, carriers, and domestic consignees not to make transactions of dangerous and useless solid waste, and to reduce transactions of other kinds of useful solid waste which will cause more or less levels of emissions; and oblige the enterprises making use of imported waste not to transfer the license and to process and utilize imported solid waste in environmental-friendly manners.