- •Public Policy Analysis
- •IMpa Grands exercices de cours
- •1. Introduction 99
- •The Analysis of China’s Policy of Importing Solid Waste Zhanyu Li
- •1. Introduction 99
- •1. Introduction 99
- •8. Conclusion 129
- •Introduction
- •1.1 The choice of policies and countries
- •1.2 Short history of China’s policy of waste importation
- •1.3 Short history of Germany’s policy of waste importation
- •The Political Definition of the Problem
- •2.1 China’s political definition of the problem
- •Intervention hypothesis
- •2.2 Germany’s political definition of the problem
- •Intervention Hypothesis
- •2.3 Comparative studies
- •3.1 Five constituent elements of the pap of China’s policy of waste importation
- •3.2 Five constituent elements of the pap of Germany’s policy of waste importation
- •3.3 Comparative studies
- •China’s paAs
- •The paa of licensing the domestic consignees
- •4.2 Germany’s paAs
- •4.3 Comparative studies
- •5.1 China’s aPs
- •5.2 Germany’s aPs
- •5.3 Comparative studies
- •The outputs
- •6.1 China’s output of licensing enterprises using solid waste
- •6.2 Germany’s output of written consent of shipment of waste
- •6.3 Comparative studies
- •Evaluative Statements
- •7.1 Evaluating China’s output of licensing solid waste
- •7.2 Evaluating Germany’s output of consent
- •7.3. Comparative Studies
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •The Analysis of China’s Policy
- •Of Importing Solid Waste
- •Zhanyu Li
- •Abstract
- •Research Background
- •1.1 The definition of solid waste
- •1.2. The double-edged solid waste
- •1.3. The global waste trade
- •1.4. International conventions and agreements
- •Research Rationale
- •Literature Review and Conceptual Framework
- •3.1 The literatures on solid waste
- •3.2. The literatures on China’s import of solid waste
- •3.3. Conceptual framework
- •Research questions
- •Data Collection and Methodology
- •The overall description of solid waste imported by China
- •The driving force behind China's import of solid waste
- •7.1 The imported solid waste can mitigate the domestic lack of resources.
- •7.2. The cheap labour resources in China
- •7.3. The needs arising from certain industries
- •7.4. The underdeveloped domestic collecting system
- •7.5. Low shipping costs
- •The challenges facing Chinese public authorities
- •8.1. The transferring, renting and faking of import license.
- •8.2. The waste trafficking
- •8.3. The lack of public awareness of significance of imported solid waste
- •8.4. The inadequacy of technologies, personnel and other public resources
- •8.5. The secondary environmental pollution caused by inappropriate use of
- •Imported solid waste
- •The evolution of Chinese policies of importing solid waste
- •The current regimes of regulating import of solid waste
- •10.1. The competent authorities
- •10.2. The legal framework
- •Political agenda setting
- •Policy Programming
- •12.1. Political-administrative programs
- •12.2. Political-administrative arrangements
- •12.3. The actors' games at the stage of policy programming – the example of China's Association of Plastics Processing Industry
- •Policy implementation
- •13.1. Action plans
- •13.2. The operational analysis of aPs of enclosed management zone
- •Implementation acts (outputs)
- •14.1. Operational analysis of implementation acts
- •14.2. The Game of Policy Actors at the Stage of Policy Implementation- The example of the implementation of policy of imported solid waste at Luqiao District of Taizhou City.
- •Evaluating policy effects
- •15.1. The dimensions of evaluating the policy of import of solid waste
- •15.2. Data collections
- •15.3. Other independent variants
- •Appendix I
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Causal Model
- •2.3 Comparative discussions
- •Causal hypothesis
- •Political-administrative Program (pap)
- •Mainland China
- •3.1.1 Concrete objectives
- •3.1.2 Evaluative elements
- •3.1.3 Operational elements
- •3.1.4 Paa and resources
- •3.1.5 Procedural elements
- •Hong Kong
- •3.2.1 Concrete objectives
- •3.2.2 Evaluative elements
- •3.2.3 Operational elements
- •3.2.4 Paa and resources
- •3.2.5 Procedural elements
- •3.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •Political-administrative Arrangement (paa)
- •4.1 Mainland China
- •4.2 Hong Kong
- •4.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •Action plan (ap)
- •5.1 Mainland China
- •5.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •Outputs
- •Mainland China (Beijing)
- •6.1.1 Output one: Restrictions on the last digit of vehicle plate numbers
- •6.1.2 Output two: Lottery systems for new car plates
- •Hong Kong
- •6.2.1 Output one: Improvement of the interchange between private and public transport modes.
- •6.2.2 Output two: Use of Alternative Fuel Vehicles to replace Diesel Vehicles
- •6.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •6.3.1. Strategies
- •6.3.2. Six dimensions of the analysis of the outputs
- •Evaluative statement
- •7.1 The evaluative statement in Beijing
- •7.2 The evaluative statement in Hong Kong
- •7.3 Comparative discussion
- •Conclusion
- •References
References
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1 Based on UNComtrade data on 62 HS-6 categories of waste & scrap material.
2 IBid
3 Vital Waste Graphics, issued by Basel Convention Secretariate, October, 2004
4 Refer to The Recycled Act of the United States, The Recycled Act of Japan, The Regulations on Importation of Waste of India
5 A Research on Restraint of Trade and Utilization of Importing Resource Solid Waste Based on Circular Economy, Gao Song, May, 2007.
6 The Annual Report of Inspection and Quarantine of the Imported Solid Waste Used As Raw Material, The Ministry of General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of China, 2011. http://www.aqsiq.gov.cn/zjxw/zjxw/zjftpxw/201206/t20120627_223847.htm
7 Vital Waste Graphics, issued by Basel Convention Secretariate, October, 2004
8 Solving the Dilemma of Regulating Solid Waste, Zengliang Fan, January, 2012, http://www.dsb.gov.cn/News/zazhi/lilun/201201/20120112105538_15194.html
9 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52012DC0448:EN:NOT
10 Refers to incineration overcapacity and waste shipping in Europe, Marta, Joseph, Sora, January, 2013, http://www.noburn.org/downloads/Incineration%20overcapacity%20and%20waste%20shipping%20in%20Europe%20the%20end%20of%20the%20proximity%20principle%20-January%202013-1.pdf
11 Refers to http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/germany-s-booming-incineration-industry-burning-the-world-s-waste-a-467239.html
12 http://www.eiatrack.org/subjects/subject_detail.php?id=160
13 Refers to http://www.zhb.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bl/201105/t20110520_210978.htm
14 Refers to http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/shipments/background.htm
15 Refers to http://www.ce.cn/macro/more/201103/16/t20110316_22304698.shtml
16 http://cryptome.org/2012-info/qidong/qidong-protest.htm
17 Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution Caused by Solid Waste, the clause eleven. http://www.gov.cn/flfg/2005-06/21/content_8289.htm
18 IBid
19 Refer to http://www.zhb.gov.cn/gkml/zj/bgt/200910/t20091022_173837.htm
20 Refer to http://www.hrbhbj.gov.cn/article/Article_Show.asp?ArticleID=5716
21 Measures on the Administration of Import of Solid Waste
22 Regulation No 1013/2006 of The European Parliament And of The Council of 14 June 2006 on Shipments of Waste, http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/shipments/legis.htm
23 Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives, http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32008L0098:EN:NOT
24 Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Direives.http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/waste_management/ev0010_en.htm
25 Transfrontier Shipment of Waste, Joachim Wuttke, http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/abfallwirtschaft-e/gav/index.htm
26 Refer to transfrontier shipment of waste, Dr Joachim Wuttke, Federal Environment Agency
27 Refer to the regulations on the environmental administration of the waste plastics, The Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, 2013, http://www.zhb.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgg/201301/t20130130_245754.htm
28 Refer to The regulations on the administration of Ziya environmental industry zone, Tianjing, http://wenku.baidu.com/view/b812936127d3240c8447ef69.html
29 Refer to The regulations on the administration of Ziya environmental industry zone, Tianjing, http://wenku.baidu.com/view/b812936127d3240c8447ef69.html
30 Refer to GUIDANCE MANUAL FOR THE CONTROL OF TRANSBOUNDARY MOVEMENTS OF RECOVERABLE WASTES, ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, in accordance with EUROPEAN COUNCIL DECISION C(2001)107/FINAL
31 The measures on administration of importing solid waste
32 The procedure for approving the license for importing solid waste http://www.doc88.com/p-397245024230.html
33 See at http://www2.oecd.org/waste/Queries.asp
34 Refer to GUIDANCE MANUAL FOR THE CONTROL OF TRANSBOUNDARY MOVEMENTS OF RECOVERABLE WASTES, ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, in accordance with EUROPEAN COUNCIL DECISION C(2001)107/FINAL
35 General Report of China’s Environment of 2011 issued by China’s Ministry of Environmental Protection, http://jcs.mep.gov.cn/hjzl/zkgb/2011zkgb/201206/t20120606_231051.htm
36 Joachim Wuttke(2007), Transfrontier Shipment of Waste
37 Refers to Waste without borders in the EU? Transboundary shipments of waste; Transboundary shipments of waste in the EU Developments 1995-2005 and possible drivers, issued by European Environmental Agency.
38 The Basel Convention Article 2.
39 Vital Waste Graphics issued by The Basel Convention Secretariat in 2004
40 EU Environmental Policy Handbook, Melissa Shinn.
41 Resources Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of the United States. Available at http://www.epa.gov/agriculture/lrca.html#Solid Wastes.
42 Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution Caused by Solid Waste, China, 2004, http://www.gov.cn/flfg/2005-06/21/content_8289.htm.
43 The Comparative Studies of the Classification of Solid Waste among China, Japan, and Europe. Available at http://www.cn-hw.net/html/sort054/200906/10857.html
44 The Announcement No. 1 of 2008 of The Ministry of Environmental Protection. Available at http://www.gov.cn/flfg/2008-06/17/content_1019136.htm
45 Gao Song, 2007.
46 More information about the pollution caused by solid waste can be referred to The Vital Waste Graphic (2004).
47 Zou, 2007.
48 Based on UNComtrade data on 62 HS-6 categories of waste & scrap material.
49 IBid
50 Vital Waste Graphics, issued by Basel Convention Secretariate, October, 2004
51 Transboundary Shipments of Waste in the EU, European Topic Center on Resource and Waste Management, February, 2008.
52 Gao Song, 2007.
53 The Annual Report of Inspection and Quarantine of the Imported Solid Waste Used As Raw Material, The Ministry of General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of China, 2011. http://www.aqsiq.gov.cn/zjxw/zjxw/zjftpxw/201206/t20120627_223847.htm
54 Vital Waste Graphics, issued by Basel Convention Secretariate, October, 2004
55 Solving the Dilemma of Regulating Solid Waste, Zengliang Fan, January, 2012, http://www.dsb.gov.cn/News/zazhi/lilun/201201/20120112105538_15194.html.
56 Wulumuqi News, 2012 http://news.163.com/12/1114/02/8G84TE0400014AED.html.
57 Refers to Renming Newspaper, http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/20050824/0811279687.shtml.
58 Basel Convention online information http://www.basel.int/Home/tabid/2202/mctl/ViewDetails/EventModID/8927/EventID/409/xmid/8052/Default.aspx
59 The London Convention online information http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Environment/SpecialProgrammesAndInitiatives/Pages/London-Convention-and-Protocol.aspx
60 The Stockholm Convention online information http://chm.pops.int/Home/tabid/2121/mctl/ViewDetails/EventModID/871/EventID/407/xmid/6921/Default.aspx
61 The 12th Five-Year Plan, Available at http://www.gov.cn/2011lh/content_1825838.htm.
62 What a Waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management, World Bank. Available at http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTURBANDEVELOPMENT/0,,contentMDK:23172887~pagePK:210058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:337178,00.html
63 Refers to Waste Management in Germany, Status and Future Trends, Rainer Stagmnn, 10, 2011, http://www.recobaltic21.net/downloads/Public/Conferences/Emerging%20trends%20and%20investment%20needs%20in%20waste%20management%202011/rainer_stegman.pdf
64 Waste Without Borders in the EU, issued by European Environmental Agency, 2009
65 Transboundary Shipments of Waste in the EU, European Topic Center on Resource and Waste Management, February, 2008.
66 Ibid.
67 The biggest database of academic reports, journals and theses in China. Available at http://en.cnki.com.cn/.
68 Strengthening Regulations on Importation of Solid Waste and Prevention of Environmental Risks, Zhengyang, 2011.
69 The Current Situation of China's importation of Solid Waste
70 The Administration of Customs of Imported Solid Waste, Zhou Yahan, 2009.
71 On China’s Control of trans-boundary transfer of Solid Waste Pollution, Chen Bing, 2007, Wuhan.
72 China News Agency, Information available at http://www.chinanews.com/cj/cyzh/news/2009/04-22/1657432.shtml.
73 Trans-boundary shipments of waste in the EU Developments 1995-2005 and possible drivers, issued by European Environment Agency. February, 2008.
74 Zou, 2007
75 Trans-boundary shipments of waste in the EU Developments 1995-2005 and possible drivers, issued by European Environment Agency. February, 2008.
76 Ibid.
77 The study of reinforcing the administration of importation of solid waste and prevention of environmental risks. Zhang Hua, 2013.
78 Ibid.
79 More information about Pinggu Accident of environmental pollution is available at http://www.china.com.cn/chinese/zhuanti/hjgb/1102403.htm, (in Chinese).
80 Available at http://www.gov.cn/flfg/2011-06/30/content_1896680.htm, (in Chinese).
81 http://www.zhb.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgg/201103/t20110324_207611.htm
82 The Prevention Plan of Environmental Pollution Caused by Solid Waste of Guangdong Province (2001-2010), Available at http://www.cn-hw.net/html/sort056/200612/918.html, (in Chinese).
83 The Guardian report is available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2004/sep/20/environment.china
The debate can be referred to http://news.xinhuanet.com/society/2007-01/25/content_5649432.htm
http://finance.chinanews.com/cj/2012/11-14/4328005.shtml (in Chinese).
84 The Interpretation of The Law of the People's Republic of China on Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Waste issued by The People's Congress can be referred to http://www.taiwan.cn/flfg/flshy/200804/t20080401_617008.htm (in Chinese).
85 Chang, 2009
86 The Problems Lie in The Environmental Regulations of Recycling Solid Waste in Luqiao District and The Solutions, The People's Congress of Taizhou, 2010. Available at http://www.zjtzrd.gov.cn/tzrd/Desktop.aspx?PATH=tzrd/sy/xxll&Gid=0e12e47d-2ae7-478c-b81f-82139d8cff94&Tid=Cms_Info
87 IBid
88 Refer to http://www.zhb.gov.cn/gkml/zj/bgt/200910/t20091022_173837.htm
89 Refer to http://www.hrbhbj.gov.cn/article/Article_Show.asp?ArticleID=5716
90 Measures on the Administration of Import of Solid Waste
91 The Announcement No. 36 of 2007 issued by The State Council. Available at http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2007/content_663678.htm (in Chinese).
92 The Announcement No. 126 of 2009 issued by The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. Available at http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2009/content_1388683.htm (in Chinese).
93 Information available at the website of China's Association of Plastics Processing Industry. http://www.cppia.com.cn/l10/a.htm (in Chinese).
94 The news coverage about the consultation is available at http://info.21cp.com/industry/News/201209/626707.htm
95 The problems with China’s industry of recycling waste plastics. Available at http://www.foodjx.com/News/Detail/83212.html (in Chinese).
96 Refer to the Regulations on the Environmental Administration of Waste Plastics, The Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, 2013, http://www.zhb.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgg/201301/t20130130_245754.htm
97 Refer to The regulations on the administration of Ziya environmental industry zone, Tianjing, http://wenku.baidu.com/view/b812936127d3240c8447ef69.html
98 Refer to The regulations on the administration of Ziya environmental industry zone, Tianjing, http://wenku.baidu.com/view/b812936127d3240c8447ef69.html
99 The Suggestions on Constructing Enclosed Management Zone of Waste Machinery Products, The Ministry of Environmental Protection, Available at http://www.zhb.gov.cn/gkml/zj/bgth/200910/t20091022_174142.htm.
100 http://kjs.mep.gov.cn/hjbhbz/bzwb/other/hjbhgc/200509/t20050901_69305.htm
101 The Enclosed Management Zone and Domestic Recycling Industry, Available at http://www.zgfp.com/news/View/129/33494.htm (in Chinese)
102 The Report of Licensing the Enterprises Using Solid Waste in Ningbo of 2012, Available at http://cn.worldscrap.com/article/article_view.php?lang=cn&id=848&partid=70 (in Chinese).
103 Measures on the Administration of Imported Solid Waste, 2011.
104 Online information is available athttp://ncswm.mep.gov.cn/wwwroot/gfmh/xzzq/jkfw/249673_2.shtml
105 The Announcement No. 23 of 2011 issued by The Ministry of Environmental Protection.
106 Online information of Zhengjiang News, available at http://zjnews.zjol.com.cn/05zjnews/system/2010/05/06/016578940.shtml (in Chinese).
107 Based on the semi- interviews conducted with a local official of Luqiao District.
108 The Environmental Administration of Privately-owned Enterprises at Luqiao District, Wang Hai, 2002.
109 The General Report of China’s Environment of 2012 (solid waste part), Available at http://jcs.mep.gov.cn/hjzl/zkgb/2012zkgb/201306/t20130606_253398.htm (in Chinese).
110 The Annual Report of Inspection and Quarantine of the Imported Solid Waste Used As Raw Materials. The latest version is issued in 2012, available at http://www.aqsiq.gov.cn/zjxw/zjxw/zjftpxw/201306/t20130627_363307.htm (in Chinese).
111 Suggestions (Several suggestions concerning the development of capital city. Beijing Government, 18.07.2013)
112 Under consideration
113 The Environmental Protection Department of Hong Kong