- •Public Policy Analysis
- •IMpa Grands exercices de cours
- •1. Introduction 99
- •The Analysis of China’s Policy of Importing Solid Waste Zhanyu Li
- •1. Introduction 99
- •1. Introduction 99
- •8. Conclusion 129
- •Introduction
- •1.1 The choice of policies and countries
- •1.2 Short history of China’s policy of waste importation
- •1.3 Short history of Germany’s policy of waste importation
- •The Political Definition of the Problem
- •2.1 China’s political definition of the problem
- •Intervention hypothesis
- •2.2 Germany’s political definition of the problem
- •Intervention Hypothesis
- •2.3 Comparative studies
- •3.1 Five constituent elements of the pap of China’s policy of waste importation
- •3.2 Five constituent elements of the pap of Germany’s policy of waste importation
- •3.3 Comparative studies
- •China’s paAs
- •The paa of licensing the domestic consignees
- •4.2 Germany’s paAs
- •4.3 Comparative studies
- •5.1 China’s aPs
- •5.2 Germany’s aPs
- •5.3 Comparative studies
- •The outputs
- •6.1 China’s output of licensing enterprises using solid waste
- •6.2 Germany’s output of written consent of shipment of waste
- •6.3 Comparative studies
- •Evaluative Statements
- •7.1 Evaluating China’s output of licensing solid waste
- •7.2 Evaluating Germany’s output of consent
- •7.3. Comparative Studies
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •The Analysis of China’s Policy
- •Of Importing Solid Waste
- •Zhanyu Li
- •Abstract
- •Research Background
- •1.1 The definition of solid waste
- •1.2. The double-edged solid waste
- •1.3. The global waste trade
- •1.4. International conventions and agreements
- •Research Rationale
- •Literature Review and Conceptual Framework
- •3.1 The literatures on solid waste
- •3.2. The literatures on China’s import of solid waste
- •3.3. Conceptual framework
- •Research questions
- •Data Collection and Methodology
- •The overall description of solid waste imported by China
- •The driving force behind China's import of solid waste
- •7.1 The imported solid waste can mitigate the domestic lack of resources.
- •7.2. The cheap labour resources in China
- •7.3. The needs arising from certain industries
- •7.4. The underdeveloped domestic collecting system
- •7.5. Low shipping costs
- •The challenges facing Chinese public authorities
- •8.1. The transferring, renting and faking of import license.
- •8.2. The waste trafficking
- •8.3. The lack of public awareness of significance of imported solid waste
- •8.4. The inadequacy of technologies, personnel and other public resources
- •8.5. The secondary environmental pollution caused by inappropriate use of
- •Imported solid waste
- •The evolution of Chinese policies of importing solid waste
- •The current regimes of regulating import of solid waste
- •10.1. The competent authorities
- •10.2. The legal framework
- •Political agenda setting
- •Policy Programming
- •12.1. Political-administrative programs
- •12.2. Political-administrative arrangements
- •12.3. The actors' games at the stage of policy programming – the example of China's Association of Plastics Processing Industry
- •Policy implementation
- •13.1. Action plans
- •13.2. The operational analysis of aPs of enclosed management zone
- •Implementation acts (outputs)
- •14.1. Operational analysis of implementation acts
- •14.2. The Game of Policy Actors at the Stage of Policy Implementation- The example of the implementation of policy of imported solid waste at Luqiao District of Taizhou City.
- •Evaluating policy effects
- •15.1. The dimensions of evaluating the policy of import of solid waste
- •15.2. Data collections
- •15.3. Other independent variants
- •Appendix I
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Causal Model
- •2.3 Comparative discussions
- •Causal hypothesis
- •Political-administrative Program (pap)
- •Mainland China
- •3.1.1 Concrete objectives
- •3.1.2 Evaluative elements
- •3.1.3 Operational elements
- •3.1.4 Paa and resources
- •3.1.5 Procedural elements
- •Hong Kong
- •3.2.1 Concrete objectives
- •3.2.2 Evaluative elements
- •3.2.3 Operational elements
- •3.2.4 Paa and resources
- •3.2.5 Procedural elements
- •3.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •Political-administrative Arrangement (paa)
- •4.1 Mainland China
- •4.2 Hong Kong
- •4.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •Action plan (ap)
- •5.1 Mainland China
- •5.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •Outputs
- •Mainland China (Beijing)
- •6.1.1 Output one: Restrictions on the last digit of vehicle plate numbers
- •6.1.2 Output two: Lottery systems for new car plates
- •Hong Kong
- •6.2.1 Output one: Improvement of the interchange between private and public transport modes.
- •6.2.2 Output two: Use of Alternative Fuel Vehicles to replace Diesel Vehicles
- •6.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •6.3.1. Strategies
- •6.3.2. Six dimensions of the analysis of the outputs
- •Evaluative statement
- •7.1 The evaluative statement in Beijing
- •7.2 The evaluative statement in Hong Kong
- •7.3 Comparative discussion
- •Conclusion
- •References
Introduction
This report describes the relevant policy analysis of air pollution based on the case study of Beijing and Hong Kong in China. As is known, air pollution turns out a serious problem due to a rapid economic development, especially in the developing countries. Therefore, in terms of China, a typical representative of underdeveloped countries, it becomes significant to make policy analysis relating to what the situation of air pollution is and what are the measures it takes to solve the problem. At the same time, the language is another consideration for making such a choice of China.
Beijing, as the capital of China and Hong Kong, the special administrative region belongs to this country, on the one hand, there exist many similarities including living standards, industry patterns, social development as well as humanistic atmosphere; on the other hand, they are distinct from management philosophy and political system. However, they are both confronted with a lot of air pollution problems stemming from motor vehicles and make pertinent policies to response to issues: with regard to Beijing, it can been seen from the Beijing Environmental Statement 2011 that the concentration value of the main air pollutants---SO2, NO2, CO, PM2.5 continues to ascend respectively, and according to a research by Wang Yuesi (Chinese Academy of Sciences), motor vehicle becomes the largest source of PM2.5 in Beijing. Based on this point, how to control the quantity and emission of motor vehicle is the key contribution for solving air pollution. Concerning about Hong Kong, as displayed on the environmental protection department website, urban air pollution is mainly caused by motor vehicles, particularly diesel vehicles such as trucks, buses and light buses which emit a large amount of particulates and nitrogen oxides. The pollutants are often trapped at roads flanked by very tall buildings, thereby causing the roadside levels of respirable suspended particulates (RSP) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) to exceed the Air Quality Objectives over the years. It can be concluded from related data that air pollution caused by emissions of motor vehicles in urban area will lead to serious environmental problems, e.g. health hazard, ecosystem collapse.
Beijing government has been dedicated to controlling the emission of motor vehicles so as to further improve the air quality, but it was not effective obviously before the year of 2008. Owing to the Olympic games of 2008, it provided the government with the chance to adopt new policies to decrease vehicle emission and these programs are still under implementation because of acceptance of positive results. As for Hong Kong, to tackle this same problem, the government has implemented a host of measures to cut vehicular emissions after 1999, such as the incentive program to replace diesel taxis/light buses with liquefied petroleum gas vehicles, the adoption of tighter fuel and vehicle emission standards whenever practicable, the incentive program to retrofit old diesel vehicles with particulate reduction devices, etc. It is shown from governmental website that these measures had brought some improvements. Compared with 1999, the roadside concentrations of some of the major air pollutants have dropped in 2011: respirable suspended particulates (RSP), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), have been cut down by 33%, 56% and 28% respectively, and the number of smoky vehicles spotted has also been reduced by about 80%. However, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at the roadside has increased by 23% during the same period. The rise in roadside NO2 levels has resulted in an increase in the number of days with roadside air pollution index (API) reaching the “very high” level (API exceeding 100) in recent years. To further improve the air quality at the roadside and tackle the roadside NO2 problem, the government has new initiatives in 2007 and 2008 to embark on additional control measures to reduce vehicle emissions. Hence, it can be compared in many aspects in the policy of air pollution in these two cities.
Based on above consideration, this paper will mainly focus on air pollution policy caused by emission of motor vehicles in urban areas of both Beijing and Hong Kong and a series of problems analyses related to this policy will also be integrated.