- •Public Policy Analysis
- •IMpa Grands exercices de cours
- •1. Introduction 99
- •The Analysis of China’s Policy of Importing Solid Waste Zhanyu Li
- •1. Introduction 99
- •1. Introduction 99
- •8. Conclusion 129
- •Introduction
- •1.1 The choice of policies and countries
- •1.2 Short history of China’s policy of waste importation
- •1.3 Short history of Germany’s policy of waste importation
- •The Political Definition of the Problem
- •2.1 China’s political definition of the problem
- •Intervention hypothesis
- •2.2 Germany’s political definition of the problem
- •Intervention Hypothesis
- •2.3 Comparative studies
- •3.1 Five constituent elements of the pap of China’s policy of waste importation
- •3.2 Five constituent elements of the pap of Germany’s policy of waste importation
- •3.3 Comparative studies
- •China’s paAs
- •The paa of licensing the domestic consignees
- •4.2 Germany’s paAs
- •4.3 Comparative studies
- •5.1 China’s aPs
- •5.2 Germany’s aPs
- •5.3 Comparative studies
- •The outputs
- •6.1 China’s output of licensing enterprises using solid waste
- •6.2 Germany’s output of written consent of shipment of waste
- •6.3 Comparative studies
- •Evaluative Statements
- •7.1 Evaluating China’s output of licensing solid waste
- •7.2 Evaluating Germany’s output of consent
- •7.3. Comparative Studies
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •The Analysis of China’s Policy
- •Of Importing Solid Waste
- •Zhanyu Li
- •Abstract
- •Research Background
- •1.1 The definition of solid waste
- •1.2. The double-edged solid waste
- •1.3. The global waste trade
- •1.4. International conventions and agreements
- •Research Rationale
- •Literature Review and Conceptual Framework
- •3.1 The literatures on solid waste
- •3.2. The literatures on China’s import of solid waste
- •3.3. Conceptual framework
- •Research questions
- •Data Collection and Methodology
- •The overall description of solid waste imported by China
- •The driving force behind China's import of solid waste
- •7.1 The imported solid waste can mitigate the domestic lack of resources.
- •7.2. The cheap labour resources in China
- •7.3. The needs arising from certain industries
- •7.4. The underdeveloped domestic collecting system
- •7.5. Low shipping costs
- •The challenges facing Chinese public authorities
- •8.1. The transferring, renting and faking of import license.
- •8.2. The waste trafficking
- •8.3. The lack of public awareness of significance of imported solid waste
- •8.4. The inadequacy of technologies, personnel and other public resources
- •8.5. The secondary environmental pollution caused by inappropriate use of
- •Imported solid waste
- •The evolution of Chinese policies of importing solid waste
- •The current regimes of regulating import of solid waste
- •10.1. The competent authorities
- •10.2. The legal framework
- •Political agenda setting
- •Policy Programming
- •12.1. Political-administrative programs
- •12.2. Political-administrative arrangements
- •12.3. The actors' games at the stage of policy programming – the example of China's Association of Plastics Processing Industry
- •Policy implementation
- •13.1. Action plans
- •13.2. The operational analysis of aPs of enclosed management zone
- •Implementation acts (outputs)
- •14.1. Operational analysis of implementation acts
- •14.2. The Game of Policy Actors at the Stage of Policy Implementation- The example of the implementation of policy of imported solid waste at Luqiao District of Taizhou City.
- •Evaluating policy effects
- •15.1. The dimensions of evaluating the policy of import of solid waste
- •15.2. Data collections
- •15.3. Other independent variants
- •Appendix I
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Causal Model
- •2.3 Comparative discussions
- •Causal hypothesis
- •Political-administrative Program (pap)
- •Mainland China
- •3.1.1 Concrete objectives
- •3.1.2 Evaluative elements
- •3.1.3 Operational elements
- •3.1.4 Paa and resources
- •3.1.5 Procedural elements
- •Hong Kong
- •3.2.1 Concrete objectives
- •3.2.2 Evaluative elements
- •3.2.3 Operational elements
- •3.2.4 Paa and resources
- •3.2.5 Procedural elements
- •3.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •Political-administrative Arrangement (paa)
- •4.1 Mainland China
- •4.2 Hong Kong
- •4.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •Action plan (ap)
- •5.1 Mainland China
- •5.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •Outputs
- •Mainland China (Beijing)
- •6.1.1 Output one: Restrictions on the last digit of vehicle plate numbers
- •6.1.2 Output two: Lottery systems for new car plates
- •Hong Kong
- •6.2.1 Output one: Improvement of the interchange between private and public transport modes.
- •6.2.2 Output two: Use of Alternative Fuel Vehicles to replace Diesel Vehicles
- •6.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •6.3.1. Strategies
- •6.3.2. Six dimensions of the analysis of the outputs
- •Evaluative statement
- •7.1 The evaluative statement in Beijing
- •7.2 The evaluative statement in Hong Kong
- •7.3 Comparative discussion
- •Conclusion
- •References
Evaluating policy effects
A policy aims to resolve a social problem that has been defined as politically relevant to the public arena. Once it has been programmed and implemented, a policy is or should be subject to systematic evaluation. During the final stage of the policy life cycle, the effects generated by the state measures should be focused on, which brings out evaluative statements on policy effects, the sixth policy products in the analysis model proposed in Public Policy Analysis.
As far as the information accessible to the author is concerned, the public administrative actors, like the Ministry of Environmental Protection and General Administration Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China, issued their own evaluative statement, such as The General Report of China’s Environment of 2012 (solid waste part) issued by The Ministry of Environmental Protection;109 The Annual Report of Inspection and Quarantine of the Imported Solid Waste Used As Raw Materials(2009-2012) issued by AQSIQ.110 In such kinds of official evaluative statements, the contents are concentrated on the outputs instead of effects. In other words, these official evaluative statements disclosed to the public tend to be focused on the outputs, that is, the question of “doing something”. For example, it is stated in The General Report of China’s Environment of 2012 (solid waste part) that a total of 13566 licenses were authorized to 2603 enterprises using imported solid waste in 2012.
However, to fully evaluate the effects of China’s policy of importing solid waste, the disclosed official evaluative statements above mentioned are far from enough. Here the thesis will propose some dimensions of evaluating the policy of import of solid waste.
15.1. The dimensions of evaluating the policy of import of solid waste
In the evaluation of a policy, three dimensions can be employed: outputs; impacts and outcomes.
The impacts of a policy are defined as all of the desired and undesired changes in the behavior of target groups that are directly attributable to the entry into force of the PAPs, PAAs, APs and the formal implementation acts (outputs) that concretize them. Thus the impacts represent the real effects that policies trigger among the target groups.
The outcomes of a policy are all of the effects in relation to the public problem to be resolved that are attributable to the policy and triggered in turn by the implementation acts (outputs). Outcomes are observable effects among the end beneficiaries.
To evaluate China's policy of importing solid waste, the thesis here will propose various dimensions and indicators of evaluation which are shown in the figure XIII below.
15.2. Data collections
The data on the indicators of impacts can be collected from the Bureau of Statistics at national or local level. Also, the Ministry of Environmental Protection and the Customs as well also keep track of certain kinds of statistics, like reduced number of illegal shipment of solid waste.
Besides the statistics from the public administrative authorities, questionnaires and on-site survey will provide the qualitative data on outcomes, such as the degree of satisfaction and the trends of complaints.