- •Public Policy Analysis
- •IMpa Grands exercices de cours
- •1. Introduction 99
- •The Analysis of China’s Policy of Importing Solid Waste Zhanyu Li
- •1. Introduction 99
- •1. Introduction 99
- •8. Conclusion 129
- •Introduction
- •1.1 The choice of policies and countries
- •1.2 Short history of China’s policy of waste importation
- •1.3 Short history of Germany’s policy of waste importation
- •The Political Definition of the Problem
- •2.1 China’s political definition of the problem
- •Intervention hypothesis
- •2.2 Germany’s political definition of the problem
- •Intervention Hypothesis
- •2.3 Comparative studies
- •3.1 Five constituent elements of the pap of China’s policy of waste importation
- •3.2 Five constituent elements of the pap of Germany’s policy of waste importation
- •3.3 Comparative studies
- •China’s paAs
- •The paa of licensing the domestic consignees
- •4.2 Germany’s paAs
- •4.3 Comparative studies
- •5.1 China’s aPs
- •5.2 Germany’s aPs
- •5.3 Comparative studies
- •The outputs
- •6.1 China’s output of licensing enterprises using solid waste
- •6.2 Germany’s output of written consent of shipment of waste
- •6.3 Comparative studies
- •Evaluative Statements
- •7.1 Evaluating China’s output of licensing solid waste
- •7.2 Evaluating Germany’s output of consent
- •7.3. Comparative Studies
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •The Analysis of China’s Policy
- •Of Importing Solid Waste
- •Zhanyu Li
- •Abstract
- •Research Background
- •1.1 The definition of solid waste
- •1.2. The double-edged solid waste
- •1.3. The global waste trade
- •1.4. International conventions and agreements
- •Research Rationale
- •Literature Review and Conceptual Framework
- •3.1 The literatures on solid waste
- •3.2. The literatures on China’s import of solid waste
- •3.3. Conceptual framework
- •Research questions
- •Data Collection and Methodology
- •The overall description of solid waste imported by China
- •The driving force behind China's import of solid waste
- •7.1 The imported solid waste can mitigate the domestic lack of resources.
- •7.2. The cheap labour resources in China
- •7.3. The needs arising from certain industries
- •7.4. The underdeveloped domestic collecting system
- •7.5. Low shipping costs
- •The challenges facing Chinese public authorities
- •8.1. The transferring, renting and faking of import license.
- •8.2. The waste trafficking
- •8.3. The lack of public awareness of significance of imported solid waste
- •8.4. The inadequacy of technologies, personnel and other public resources
- •8.5. The secondary environmental pollution caused by inappropriate use of
- •Imported solid waste
- •The evolution of Chinese policies of importing solid waste
- •The current regimes of regulating import of solid waste
- •10.1. The competent authorities
- •10.2. The legal framework
- •Political agenda setting
- •Policy Programming
- •12.1. Political-administrative programs
- •12.2. Political-administrative arrangements
- •12.3. The actors' games at the stage of policy programming – the example of China's Association of Plastics Processing Industry
- •Policy implementation
- •13.1. Action plans
- •13.2. The operational analysis of aPs of enclosed management zone
- •Implementation acts (outputs)
- •14.1. Operational analysis of implementation acts
- •14.2. The Game of Policy Actors at the Stage of Policy Implementation- The example of the implementation of policy of imported solid waste at Luqiao District of Taizhou City.
- •Evaluating policy effects
- •15.1. The dimensions of evaluating the policy of import of solid waste
- •15.2. Data collections
- •15.3. Other independent variants
- •Appendix I
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Causal Model
- •2.3 Comparative discussions
- •Causal hypothesis
- •Political-administrative Program (pap)
- •Mainland China
- •3.1.1 Concrete objectives
- •3.1.2 Evaluative elements
- •3.1.3 Operational elements
- •3.1.4 Paa and resources
- •3.1.5 Procedural elements
- •Hong Kong
- •3.2.1 Concrete objectives
- •3.2.2 Evaluative elements
- •3.2.3 Operational elements
- •3.2.4 Paa and resources
- •3.2.5 Procedural elements
- •3.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •Political-administrative Arrangement (paa)
- •4.1 Mainland China
- •4.2 Hong Kong
- •4.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •Action plan (ap)
- •5.1 Mainland China
- •5.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •Outputs
- •Mainland China (Beijing)
- •6.1.1 Output one: Restrictions on the last digit of vehicle plate numbers
- •6.1.2 Output two: Lottery systems for new car plates
- •Hong Kong
- •6.2.1 Output one: Improvement of the interchange between private and public transport modes.
- •6.2.2 Output two: Use of Alternative Fuel Vehicles to replace Diesel Vehicles
- •6.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •6.3.1. Strategies
- •6.3.2. Six dimensions of the analysis of the outputs
- •Evaluative statement
- •7.1 The evaluative statement in Beijing
- •7.2 The evaluative statement in Hong Kong
- •7.3 Comparative discussion
- •Conclusion
- •References
14.2. The Game of Policy Actors at the Stage of Policy Implementation- The example of the implementation of policy of imported solid waste at Luqiao District of Taizhou City.
At the stage of policy implementation, the objective of the target group is to circumvent the regulations of political-administrative actor, such as inspections, licensing, and import the same quantity of solid waste as before. They possess the resources of information (the first-hand record of importing and using the imported solid waste, the monitoring data of neighboring areas), money (job creation, engine of local economy), and consensus.
At the stage of policy implementation, the objective of the political-administrative actors is to regulate the import of solid waste, identify the illegal import of solid waste and urge the enterprise to use the solid waste in an environmentally friendly way. They own the resources such as law, personnel (the civil servants who are specialized in testing and quarantine), money (the budget of the ministries), organization (the cooperation between different departments of the government, and the hierarchy of the departments at different levels), infrastructure (the special site and equipment of testing solid waste), and information (the different departments have set up a platform for sharing information).
At the stage of policy implementation, the objective of the end beneficiaries is to urge the government not to give the license to environmental polluter and punish the polluters. They have the resource of force (demonstration), consensus, information (the local environment conditions, pollution).
Due to the high sovereignty at provincial level under the vague national framework, the industry can apply for the license at the place with loose implementation of policy; the industries can also use institutional elements of the policy, such as complaints, lawsuit, to protect their own interests. In the following paragraphs, the example of Luqiao District will be used to illustrate the power games of policy actors at the stage of policy implementation.
Since 1970s, the breaking industry of solid waste has started in Luqiao District. In 2007, the total weight of recycled solid waste achieved more than 2.5 million tons realizing revenues of more than 15 billion yuan. The employees directly or indirectly involved in this industry exceed more than 150 thousand people. As a pillar industry of Luqiao District, the significance of recycling industry of imported solid waste to local economy is self-evident. However, the improper way of recycling solid waste also has caused serious negative impact on local environment. Therefore, since 2006, the issuance of The Plan of Regulating the Recycling Industry of Solid Waste of Luqiao District has marked the strengthening implementation of policies of importing solid waste. The local department of environmental protection cooperated with other relevant departments in inspecting the enterprises using imported solid waste, and issuing compulsory clean-up order as well as imposing fines if the enterprises are considered as polluting the environment.106
According to the interview with a local official at the department of environmental protection, at the beginning, the implementation of policy was not smooth. As a great contributor of local GDP, the enterprises using solid waste are great taxpayers for local government. The financial status they enjoy made the local government feel difficult to implement the policies. Also, it is very difficult to settle the problems of employees of these enterprises when implementing the policy. Many employees of the enterprises which were shut down demonstrated in front of the local government, which stirred the social stability. Apart from that, some enterprises chose to move out of Luqiao District to the inland provinces with ease implementation of policies.
On the part of public-administrative authorities, the local government set aside a total amount of 1.76 million yuan as the budget for inspecting the enterprises. The whole budget used for the implementation of policies reached almost 10 million yuan. Moreover, the local government also cooperate with the scientists from Zhejiang Institute of Geological Survey, the non-profitable institute of environmental studies to conduct researches on the environment impacts brought by the use of solid waste. At the same time, the local government launched various campaigns to improve the public awareness of the double-edge effects of the use of imported solid waste and also educate the enterprises using solid waste the importance of protecting environments while pursuing economic benefits.107
The local residents and the organizations of environmental protection have also played an indispensable role in cooperating with local governments. Local government set hotlines to receive the complaints of residents. The organizations of environmental protection also will come to do regular monitoring of environment of Luqiao area. According to the statistics of the Luqiao Bureau of Environmental Protection, in 2011 there were 56 complaints from residents concerning the pollution of solid waste, and all the complaints have been responded by local governments. 108
From the analysis above, it can be safely concluded that at the stage of implementation of policy of importation of solid wastes at Luqiao District, public-administrative actors employs the resources of money, law, information to try to change the behaviors of target groups, while the target groups also have the resources of money and consensus at disposal. The beneficiaries groups, the local residents are also enjoyed the rights of complaints and demonstration endowed by the law. This power game of policy actors at this stage influences the policy products of this stage, that is the supervisory monitoring and licensing of enterprises using solid waste.