- •Public Policy Analysis
- •IMpa Grands exercices de cours
- •1. Introduction 99
- •The Analysis of China’s Policy of Importing Solid Waste Zhanyu Li
- •1. Introduction 99
- •1. Introduction 99
- •8. Conclusion 129
- •Introduction
- •1.1 The choice of policies and countries
- •1.2 Short history of China’s policy of waste importation
- •1.3 Short history of Germany’s policy of waste importation
- •The Political Definition of the Problem
- •2.1 China’s political definition of the problem
- •Intervention hypothesis
- •2.2 Germany’s political definition of the problem
- •Intervention Hypothesis
- •2.3 Comparative studies
- •3.1 Five constituent elements of the pap of China’s policy of waste importation
- •3.2 Five constituent elements of the pap of Germany’s policy of waste importation
- •3.3 Comparative studies
- •China’s paAs
- •The paa of licensing the domestic consignees
- •4.2 Germany’s paAs
- •4.3 Comparative studies
- •5.1 China’s aPs
- •5.2 Germany’s aPs
- •5.3 Comparative studies
- •The outputs
- •6.1 China’s output of licensing enterprises using solid waste
- •6.2 Germany’s output of written consent of shipment of waste
- •6.3 Comparative studies
- •Evaluative Statements
- •7.1 Evaluating China’s output of licensing solid waste
- •7.2 Evaluating Germany’s output of consent
- •7.3. Comparative Studies
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •The Analysis of China’s Policy
- •Of Importing Solid Waste
- •Zhanyu Li
- •Abstract
- •Research Background
- •1.1 The definition of solid waste
- •1.2. The double-edged solid waste
- •1.3. The global waste trade
- •1.4. International conventions and agreements
- •Research Rationale
- •Literature Review and Conceptual Framework
- •3.1 The literatures on solid waste
- •3.2. The literatures on China’s import of solid waste
- •3.3. Conceptual framework
- •Research questions
- •Data Collection and Methodology
- •The overall description of solid waste imported by China
- •The driving force behind China's import of solid waste
- •7.1 The imported solid waste can mitigate the domestic lack of resources.
- •7.2. The cheap labour resources in China
- •7.3. The needs arising from certain industries
- •7.4. The underdeveloped domestic collecting system
- •7.5. Low shipping costs
- •The challenges facing Chinese public authorities
- •8.1. The transferring, renting and faking of import license.
- •8.2. The waste trafficking
- •8.3. The lack of public awareness of significance of imported solid waste
- •8.4. The inadequacy of technologies, personnel and other public resources
- •8.5. The secondary environmental pollution caused by inappropriate use of
- •Imported solid waste
- •The evolution of Chinese policies of importing solid waste
- •The current regimes of regulating import of solid waste
- •10.1. The competent authorities
- •10.2. The legal framework
- •Political agenda setting
- •Policy Programming
- •12.1. Political-administrative programs
- •12.2. Political-administrative arrangements
- •12.3. The actors' games at the stage of policy programming – the example of China's Association of Plastics Processing Industry
- •Policy implementation
- •13.1. Action plans
- •13.2. The operational analysis of aPs of enclosed management zone
- •Implementation acts (outputs)
- •14.1. Operational analysis of implementation acts
- •14.2. The Game of Policy Actors at the Stage of Policy Implementation- The example of the implementation of policy of imported solid waste at Luqiao District of Taizhou City.
- •Evaluating policy effects
- •15.1. The dimensions of evaluating the policy of import of solid waste
- •15.2. Data collections
- •15.3. Other independent variants
- •Appendix I
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Causal Model
- •2.3 Comparative discussions
- •Causal hypothesis
- •Political-administrative Program (pap)
- •Mainland China
- •3.1.1 Concrete objectives
- •3.1.2 Evaluative elements
- •3.1.3 Operational elements
- •3.1.4 Paa and resources
- •3.1.5 Procedural elements
- •Hong Kong
- •3.2.1 Concrete objectives
- •3.2.2 Evaluative elements
- •3.2.3 Operational elements
- •3.2.4 Paa and resources
- •3.2.5 Procedural elements
- •3.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •Political-administrative Arrangement (paa)
- •4.1 Mainland China
- •4.2 Hong Kong
- •4.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •Action plan (ap)
- •5.1 Mainland China
- •5.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •Outputs
- •Mainland China (Beijing)
- •6.1.1 Output one: Restrictions on the last digit of vehicle plate numbers
- •6.1.2 Output two: Lottery systems for new car plates
- •Hong Kong
- •6.2.1 Output one: Improvement of the interchange between private and public transport modes.
- •6.2.2 Output two: Use of Alternative Fuel Vehicles to replace Diesel Vehicles
- •6.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •6.3.1. Strategies
- •6.3.2. Six dimensions of the analysis of the outputs
- •Evaluative statement
- •7.1 The evaluative statement in Beijing
- •7.2 The evaluative statement in Hong Kong
- •7.3 Comparative discussion
- •Conclusion
- •References
The current regimes of regulating import of solid waste
10.1. The competent authorities
In the Article 25 of The Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution Caused by Solid Waste (2005), it is stipulated that “the department of environmental protection cooperate with the other departments of foreign trade, macroeconomic regulating, customs, and quality inspection and quarantine to draft, revise and issue respectively the Catalogue of Solid Waste Prohibited, Restricted, and Automatically Licensed for Import. The importation of solid waste in The Catalogue of Solid Waste Restricted for Import should be approved by the competent department of environmental protection and foreign trade; the importation of solid waste in The Catalogue of Solid Waste Automatically Licensed for Import should go through the formalities according to the relevant rules. The imported solid waste must be complied with the obligatory environmental standards, and be proved as qualified after the inspections by customs and the department of quality inspection and quarantine”. At the same time, it is also stipulated that “the department of environmental protection cooperate with the other departments of foreign trade, macroeconomic regulating, customs, and quality inspection and quarantine to draft, revise and issue the concrete measures related to imported solid waste.”
Therefore, at national level, the responsibilities of regulating import of solid waste are divided by five ministries, that is, The Ministry of Environmental Protection, The Ministry of Commerce, National Development and Reform Commission, General Administration of Customs, and General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine. From the point of their own responsibility, NDRC is responsible for proposing the types of imported solid waste from the perspective of macroeconomics regulating and resources planning; The Ministry of Commerce for issuing The Catalogue of Solid Waste Prohibited, Restricted, and Automatically Licensed for Import according to The Law of Foreign Trade; The Ministry of Environmental Protection for evaluating the risks of the imported solid waste, devising concrete catalogue, and implement environmental administration of domestic enterprises using solid waste; AQSIQ for quality supervision and inspection of imported solid waste; and GACC for customs procedures, collecting duties and the statistics work of imported solid waste as well as fight against waste trafficking.
10.2. The legal framework
At the legislative level, there are various laws related to the import of solid waste. These are mainly The Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution Caused by Solid Waste (2005); The Foreign Trade Law(2004); The Customs Law(2005); The Law of Quality Supervision, Inspection, and Quarantine of Import and Export of Goods.
Under these laws, the competent departments have also issued their own regulations and measures in their respective field of responsibilities, which are clearly demonstrated in the following tables.
Table V: The competent departments of implementing policy of import of solid waste
and the relevant regulations and measures
The Ministry of Environmental Protection |
The Measures of Environmental Protection on Imported Solid Waste Used for Raw Materials (2011)81 The Measures on the Administration of Import of Solid Waste |
The GACC |
The Notice of Adjusting the Classified Customs Declarations of Certain Types of Imported Solid Waste (The GACC Announcement No. 16 of 2010) The GACC Announcement No. 21 of 2010 |
The AQSIQ |
The Measures on Quality Inspection and Quarantine of Import of Solid Waste (2009) The Measures on Registration of Foreign Suppliers of Solid Waste (2009) The Measures on Registration of Domestic Consignees of Solid Waste (2009) 13 Compulsory Environmental Standards 19 Quality Inspection and Quarantine Standards |
Chapter III: The analysis of China's policy
In this chapter, the concepts in Public Policy Analysis will be employed to identify the constituent elements of China’s policy of importing solid waste at different stages of the whole policy cycle.