- •Public Policy Analysis
- •IMpa Grands exercices de cours
- •1. Introduction 99
- •The Analysis of China’s Policy of Importing Solid Waste Zhanyu Li
- •1. Introduction 99
- •1. Introduction 99
- •8. Conclusion 129
- •Introduction
- •1.1 The choice of policies and countries
- •1.2 Short history of China’s policy of waste importation
- •1.3 Short history of Germany’s policy of waste importation
- •The Political Definition of the Problem
- •2.1 China’s political definition of the problem
- •Intervention hypothesis
- •2.2 Germany’s political definition of the problem
- •Intervention Hypothesis
- •2.3 Comparative studies
- •3.1 Five constituent elements of the pap of China’s policy of waste importation
- •3.2 Five constituent elements of the pap of Germany’s policy of waste importation
- •3.3 Comparative studies
- •China’s paAs
- •The paa of licensing the domestic consignees
- •4.2 Germany’s paAs
- •4.3 Comparative studies
- •5.1 China’s aPs
- •5.2 Germany’s aPs
- •5.3 Comparative studies
- •The outputs
- •6.1 China’s output of licensing enterprises using solid waste
- •6.2 Germany’s output of written consent of shipment of waste
- •6.3 Comparative studies
- •Evaluative Statements
- •7.1 Evaluating China’s output of licensing solid waste
- •7.2 Evaluating Germany’s output of consent
- •7.3. Comparative Studies
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •The Analysis of China’s Policy
- •Of Importing Solid Waste
- •Zhanyu Li
- •Abstract
- •Research Background
- •1.1 The definition of solid waste
- •1.2. The double-edged solid waste
- •1.3. The global waste trade
- •1.4. International conventions and agreements
- •Research Rationale
- •Literature Review and Conceptual Framework
- •3.1 The literatures on solid waste
- •3.2. The literatures on China’s import of solid waste
- •3.3. Conceptual framework
- •Research questions
- •Data Collection and Methodology
- •The overall description of solid waste imported by China
- •The driving force behind China's import of solid waste
- •7.1 The imported solid waste can mitigate the domestic lack of resources.
- •7.2. The cheap labour resources in China
- •7.3. The needs arising from certain industries
- •7.4. The underdeveloped domestic collecting system
- •7.5. Low shipping costs
- •The challenges facing Chinese public authorities
- •8.1. The transferring, renting and faking of import license.
- •8.2. The waste trafficking
- •8.3. The lack of public awareness of significance of imported solid waste
- •8.4. The inadequacy of technologies, personnel and other public resources
- •8.5. The secondary environmental pollution caused by inappropriate use of
- •Imported solid waste
- •The evolution of Chinese policies of importing solid waste
- •The current regimes of regulating import of solid waste
- •10.1. The competent authorities
- •10.2. The legal framework
- •Political agenda setting
- •Policy Programming
- •12.1. Political-administrative programs
- •12.2. Political-administrative arrangements
- •12.3. The actors' games at the stage of policy programming – the example of China's Association of Plastics Processing Industry
- •Policy implementation
- •13.1. Action plans
- •13.2. The operational analysis of aPs of enclosed management zone
- •Implementation acts (outputs)
- •14.1. Operational analysis of implementation acts
- •14.2. The Game of Policy Actors at the Stage of Policy Implementation- The example of the implementation of policy of imported solid waste at Luqiao District of Taizhou City.
- •Evaluating policy effects
- •15.1. The dimensions of evaluating the policy of import of solid waste
- •15.2. Data collections
- •15.3. Other independent variants
- •Appendix I
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Causal Model
- •2.3 Comparative discussions
- •Causal hypothesis
- •Political-administrative Program (pap)
- •Mainland China
- •3.1.1 Concrete objectives
- •3.1.2 Evaluative elements
- •3.1.3 Operational elements
- •3.1.4 Paa and resources
- •3.1.5 Procedural elements
- •Hong Kong
- •3.2.1 Concrete objectives
- •3.2.2 Evaluative elements
- •3.2.3 Operational elements
- •3.2.4 Paa and resources
- •3.2.5 Procedural elements
- •3.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •Political-administrative Arrangement (paa)
- •4.1 Mainland China
- •4.2 Hong Kong
- •4.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •Action plan (ap)
- •5.1 Mainland China
- •5.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •Outputs
- •Mainland China (Beijing)
- •6.1.1 Output one: Restrictions on the last digit of vehicle plate numbers
- •6.1.2 Output two: Lottery systems for new car plates
- •Hong Kong
- •6.2.1 Output one: Improvement of the interchange between private and public transport modes.
- •6.2.2 Output two: Use of Alternative Fuel Vehicles to replace Diesel Vehicles
- •6.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •6.3.1. Strategies
- •6.3.2. Six dimensions of the analysis of the outputs
- •Evaluative statement
- •7.1 The evaluative statement in Beijing
- •7.2 The evaluative statement in Hong Kong
- •7.3 Comparative discussion
- •Conclusion
- •References
The driving force behind China's import of solid waste
7.1 The imported solid waste can mitigate the domestic lack of resources.
According to The Ministry of Land and Resources of People's Republic of China, compared to its biggest population of the world, China's reserves of forestry, minerals and resources are not enough. The average mineral resource per capita in China is only 58 per cent of the average mineral resources per capita in the world. In 2010, the domestic demand of the important raw materials could not be met by the domestic supply, which leading to the import of raw material from abroad.72 Many kinds of solid waste, like scrape copper, play an important role in complementing domestic production of copper to stimulate China's economic development.
7.2. The cheap labour resources in China
The recycling industry of solid waste in China can be supported by its great supply of cheap labour resources. The recycling and reuse of some kinds of solid waste, like waste paper, waste plastics, needs pre-selection and cleaning, is a labour-intensive industry, which will be of high cost in developed countries, but will be booming in China. On the other hand, the importation of solid waste can produce employment opportunities, which will lead to the economic development at local level.
7.3. The needs arising from certain industries
Due to some limits of technologies or large demand of higher quality of raw materials from certain industries, China needs to import solid waste from other countries. This can be understood by taking the example of the paper and plastic industries.
At present, there are two types of production in paper production industry: A new industry with world-scale mills producing international grade paper and equipped to use a higher percentage of mixed recovered paper than current US industry recycling mills. This sub-sector is dependent on wood pulp and recovered paper imports. It has grown 250% in the past five years. An old industry producing traditional grades based on non-wood fibres and locally collected recovered paper, mainly for the local market.
China has limited capacity to supply this rocketing demand for fibre from its domestic forestry. Logging of natural forest has been banned after a series of severe floods hit the country. The local paper industry has therefore had to turn to imports of wood fibre and recovered paper. Imports have therefore grown about ten-fold since 1992.
A similar story can be told for the Chinese plastics sector, which has received substantial new investments over the last ten years. Whilst it does have a sizeable domestic plastics production capacity, China also imports large quantities of polymers. Plastics is a large and diverse sector, with applications ranging from agricultural films used for domestic purposes through to plastics packaging for exported goods (concentrated in the Pearl River and Yangtze River deltas in the hinterland of Hong Kong and Shanghai). 73
7.4. The underdeveloped domestic collecting system
On the one hand, the underdeveloped domestic collecting system cannot ensure the stable supply of waste. Since the network of waste collecting is not fully developed, and the transportation cost keeps increasing, the cost of collecting domestic is climbing up. On the other hand, as the environmental requirement of many developed countries are very high, the overseas suppliers prefer to transfer solid waste to developing countries with looser regime of environmental protection at low price than recycling or disposing waste at high cost in their own countries.74