- •Public Policy Analysis
- •IMpa Grands exercices de cours
- •1. Introduction 99
- •The Analysis of China’s Policy of Importing Solid Waste Zhanyu Li
- •1. Introduction 99
- •1. Introduction 99
- •8. Conclusion 129
- •Introduction
- •1.1 The choice of policies and countries
- •1.2 Short history of China’s policy of waste importation
- •1.3 Short history of Germany’s policy of waste importation
- •The Political Definition of the Problem
- •2.1 China’s political definition of the problem
- •Intervention hypothesis
- •2.2 Germany’s political definition of the problem
- •Intervention Hypothesis
- •2.3 Comparative studies
- •3.1 Five constituent elements of the pap of China’s policy of waste importation
- •3.2 Five constituent elements of the pap of Germany’s policy of waste importation
- •3.3 Comparative studies
- •China’s paAs
- •The paa of licensing the domestic consignees
- •4.2 Germany’s paAs
- •4.3 Comparative studies
- •5.1 China’s aPs
- •5.2 Germany’s aPs
- •5.3 Comparative studies
- •The outputs
- •6.1 China’s output of licensing enterprises using solid waste
- •6.2 Germany’s output of written consent of shipment of waste
- •6.3 Comparative studies
- •Evaluative Statements
- •7.1 Evaluating China’s output of licensing solid waste
- •7.2 Evaluating Germany’s output of consent
- •7.3. Comparative Studies
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •The Analysis of China’s Policy
- •Of Importing Solid Waste
- •Zhanyu Li
- •Abstract
- •Research Background
- •1.1 The definition of solid waste
- •1.2. The double-edged solid waste
- •1.3. The global waste trade
- •1.4. International conventions and agreements
- •Research Rationale
- •Literature Review and Conceptual Framework
- •3.1 The literatures on solid waste
- •3.2. The literatures on China’s import of solid waste
- •3.3. Conceptual framework
- •Research questions
- •Data Collection and Methodology
- •The overall description of solid waste imported by China
- •The driving force behind China's import of solid waste
- •7.1 The imported solid waste can mitigate the domestic lack of resources.
- •7.2. The cheap labour resources in China
- •7.3. The needs arising from certain industries
- •7.4. The underdeveloped domestic collecting system
- •7.5. Low shipping costs
- •The challenges facing Chinese public authorities
- •8.1. The transferring, renting and faking of import license.
- •8.2. The waste trafficking
- •8.3. The lack of public awareness of significance of imported solid waste
- •8.4. The inadequacy of technologies, personnel and other public resources
- •8.5. The secondary environmental pollution caused by inappropriate use of
- •Imported solid waste
- •The evolution of Chinese policies of importing solid waste
- •The current regimes of regulating import of solid waste
- •10.1. The competent authorities
- •10.2. The legal framework
- •Political agenda setting
- •Policy Programming
- •12.1. Political-administrative programs
- •12.2. Political-administrative arrangements
- •12.3. The actors' games at the stage of policy programming – the example of China's Association of Plastics Processing Industry
- •Policy implementation
- •13.1. Action plans
- •13.2. The operational analysis of aPs of enclosed management zone
- •Implementation acts (outputs)
- •14.1. Operational analysis of implementation acts
- •14.2. The Game of Policy Actors at the Stage of Policy Implementation- The example of the implementation of policy of imported solid waste at Luqiao District of Taizhou City.
- •Evaluating policy effects
- •15.1. The dimensions of evaluating the policy of import of solid waste
- •15.2. Data collections
- •15.3. Other independent variants
- •Appendix I
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Causal Model
- •2.3 Comparative discussions
- •Causal hypothesis
- •Political-administrative Program (pap)
- •Mainland China
- •3.1.1 Concrete objectives
- •3.1.2 Evaluative elements
- •3.1.3 Operational elements
- •3.1.4 Paa and resources
- •3.1.5 Procedural elements
- •Hong Kong
- •3.2.1 Concrete objectives
- •3.2.2 Evaluative elements
- •3.2.3 Operational elements
- •3.2.4 Paa and resources
- •3.2.5 Procedural elements
- •3.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •Political-administrative Arrangement (paa)
- •4.1 Mainland China
- •4.2 Hong Kong
- •4.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •Action plan (ap)
- •5.1 Mainland China
- •5.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •Outputs
- •Mainland China (Beijing)
- •6.1.1 Output one: Restrictions on the last digit of vehicle plate numbers
- •6.1.2 Output two: Lottery systems for new car plates
- •Hong Kong
- •6.2.1 Output one: Improvement of the interchange between private and public transport modes.
- •6.2.2 Output two: Use of Alternative Fuel Vehicles to replace Diesel Vehicles
- •6.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •6.3.1. Strategies
- •6.3.2. Six dimensions of the analysis of the outputs
- •Evaluative statement
- •7.1 The evaluative statement in Beijing
- •7.2 The evaluative statement in Hong Kong
- •7.3 Comparative discussion
- •Conclusion
- •References
3.2. The literatures on China’s import of solid waste
In the database of CNKI,67 the theses and reports with the keywords of the importation of solid waste reached 356 during the period of 1987 to 2013. It can be said that this is a field which has attracted a lot of interests from Chinese scholars. They discussed the background and necessity of China's importation of solid waste from abroad. For example, in the thesis of Strengthening Regulations on Importation of Solid Waste and Prevention of Environmental Risks,68 the author points out that the imported solid waste provides a strong support for solving the problems of domestic shortage of resources. It provides a good solution to mitigate the increasing gap between the demand of resources and the domestic shortage of resources as China develops its economy at such a rapid pace. Besides, the importation of solid waste also plays a vital role in reducing emissions, bringing environmental benefits and balancing trade surplus. On the other hand, a great proportion of literatures in this field are contributed to discovering the side-effects caused by importation of solid waste from abroad, and scholars try to figure out ways to get rid of these side-effects. For example, in the thesis of The Current Situation of China's importation of Solid Waste,69 the author points out that the illegal shipment of solid waste and improper use will lead to long-term harms to the environment and public health. The problems with China’s regulatory framework and the implementation of the policy will not eliminate this kind of risks. Some scholars compare China’s policy of waste importation with that of other countries, such as USA, Germany, Japan, and call on the policy makers to learn from the experiences of other countries and bring out some practical suggestions to improve the policy. For example, Zou compares China's policy of importation of solid waste with that of Germany, Japan, and the United States from various perspectives of legal framework, complementary standards and etc. He pointed out that China still has a great room for improvement of its import regime.
Still, there are some policy practitioners provide some reports based on their experiences about the implementation of the policies. For example, Zhou Yahan from GACC pointed out the problems of cooperating with other departments encountered when customs implement the policy of solid waste, thus restraining Customs’ power of law enforcement. Also, she points out the problems of inadequate capacity building of customs, including infrastructures, qualified personnel, and budget, compared to rapidly increasing imported solid waste.70
In conclusion, although there are a large number of literatures on China’ import of solid waste, they mainly fall into the following categories,
The researches of the first category are conducted from the legislative perspective. Most of them focus on the laws, acts and regulations, that is, the planning stage of the policy. For example, On China’s Control of trans-boundary transfer of Solid Waste Pollution authored by Chen Bing.71 Few of them has done a systematic studies of policy implementation or evaluation from a perspective of policy analysis;
The studies of the second category are too simplistic, serving as some introductory materials, and also repetitive;
The studies of the third category are conducted by policy practitioners, which may be of practical significance, but lack strong theoretical bases.
Therefore, this thesis is aimed to analyze China’s import of solid waste from a policy perspective on a theoretical base, and at the same time will formulate some conclusions which will be of practical significance.