- •Public Policy Analysis
- •IMpa Grands exercices de cours
- •1. Introduction 99
- •The Analysis of China’s Policy of Importing Solid Waste Zhanyu Li
- •1. Introduction 99
- •1. Introduction 99
- •8. Conclusion 129
- •Introduction
- •1.1 The choice of policies and countries
- •1.2 Short history of China’s policy of waste importation
- •1.3 Short history of Germany’s policy of waste importation
- •The Political Definition of the Problem
- •2.1 China’s political definition of the problem
- •Intervention hypothesis
- •2.2 Germany’s political definition of the problem
- •Intervention Hypothesis
- •2.3 Comparative studies
- •3.1 Five constituent elements of the pap of China’s policy of waste importation
- •3.2 Five constituent elements of the pap of Germany’s policy of waste importation
- •3.3 Comparative studies
- •China’s paAs
- •The paa of licensing the domestic consignees
- •4.2 Germany’s paAs
- •4.3 Comparative studies
- •5.1 China’s aPs
- •5.2 Germany’s aPs
- •5.3 Comparative studies
- •The outputs
- •6.1 China’s output of licensing enterprises using solid waste
- •6.2 Germany’s output of written consent of shipment of waste
- •6.3 Comparative studies
- •Evaluative Statements
- •7.1 Evaluating China’s output of licensing solid waste
- •7.2 Evaluating Germany’s output of consent
- •7.3. Comparative Studies
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •The Analysis of China’s Policy
- •Of Importing Solid Waste
- •Zhanyu Li
- •Abstract
- •Research Background
- •1.1 The definition of solid waste
- •1.2. The double-edged solid waste
- •1.3. The global waste trade
- •1.4. International conventions and agreements
- •Research Rationale
- •Literature Review and Conceptual Framework
- •3.1 The literatures on solid waste
- •3.2. The literatures on China’s import of solid waste
- •3.3. Conceptual framework
- •Research questions
- •Data Collection and Methodology
- •The overall description of solid waste imported by China
- •The driving force behind China's import of solid waste
- •7.1 The imported solid waste can mitigate the domestic lack of resources.
- •7.2. The cheap labour resources in China
- •7.3. The needs arising from certain industries
- •7.4. The underdeveloped domestic collecting system
- •7.5. Low shipping costs
- •The challenges facing Chinese public authorities
- •8.1. The transferring, renting and faking of import license.
- •8.2. The waste trafficking
- •8.3. The lack of public awareness of significance of imported solid waste
- •8.4. The inadequacy of technologies, personnel and other public resources
- •8.5. The secondary environmental pollution caused by inappropriate use of
- •Imported solid waste
- •The evolution of Chinese policies of importing solid waste
- •The current regimes of regulating import of solid waste
- •10.1. The competent authorities
- •10.2. The legal framework
- •Political agenda setting
- •Policy Programming
- •12.1. Political-administrative programs
- •12.2. Political-administrative arrangements
- •12.3. The actors' games at the stage of policy programming – the example of China's Association of Plastics Processing Industry
- •Policy implementation
- •13.1. Action plans
- •13.2. The operational analysis of aPs of enclosed management zone
- •Implementation acts (outputs)
- •14.1. Operational analysis of implementation acts
- •14.2. The Game of Policy Actors at the Stage of Policy Implementation- The example of the implementation of policy of imported solid waste at Luqiao District of Taizhou City.
- •Evaluating policy effects
- •15.1. The dimensions of evaluating the policy of import of solid waste
- •15.2. Data collections
- •15.3. Other independent variants
- •Appendix I
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Causal Model
- •2.3 Comparative discussions
- •Causal hypothesis
- •Political-administrative Program (pap)
- •Mainland China
- •3.1.1 Concrete objectives
- •3.1.2 Evaluative elements
- •3.1.3 Operational elements
- •3.1.4 Paa and resources
- •3.1.5 Procedural elements
- •Hong Kong
- •3.2.1 Concrete objectives
- •3.2.2 Evaluative elements
- •3.2.3 Operational elements
- •3.2.4 Paa and resources
- •3.2.5 Procedural elements
- •3.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •Political-administrative Arrangement (paa)
- •4.1 Mainland China
- •4.2 Hong Kong
- •4.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •Action plan (ap)
- •5.1 Mainland China
- •5.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •Outputs
- •Mainland China (Beijing)
- •6.1.1 Output one: Restrictions on the last digit of vehicle plate numbers
- •6.1.2 Output two: Lottery systems for new car plates
- •Hong Kong
- •6.2.1 Output one: Improvement of the interchange between private and public transport modes.
- •6.2.2 Output two: Use of Alternative Fuel Vehicles to replace Diesel Vehicles
- •6.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •6.3.1. Strategies
- •6.3.2. Six dimensions of the analysis of the outputs
- •Evaluative statement
- •7.1 The evaluative statement in Beijing
- •7.2 The evaluative statement in Hong Kong
- •7.3 Comparative discussion
- •Conclusion
- •References
1.4. International conventions and agreements
The Basel Convention58
The Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, which is often called as The Basel Convention in a short way, is the most comprehensive global environmental agreement on hazardous and other kinds of wastes. It aims to protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects resulting from the generation, management, trans-boundary movements and disposal of hazardous and other wastes.
The Basel Convention regulates the trans-boundary movements of hazardous and other wastes and obliges its Parties to ensure that such wastes are managed and disposed of in an environmentally sound manner. The Convention covers toxic, poisonous, explosive, corrosive, flammable, eco-toxic and infectious wastes. Parties are also expected to minimize the quantities that are moved across borders, to treat and dispose of wastes as close as possible to their place of generation and to prevent or minimize the generation of wastes at source.
The Basel Convention has 14 Regional and Coordinating Centers. The Centers develop and undertake regional projects, and deliver training and technical assistance for the implementation of the Convention under the direction of the Conference of the Parties and of the Secretariat of the Convention. The Basel Convention, adopted in 1989, came into force in 1992.
The Convention also covers proper management of these wastes. It underlines that trans-boundary shipments of hazardous wastes to developing countries, many of which are incapable of handling such waste, do not constitute environmentally sound management as required by the Convention. Export of hazardous wastes from OECD countries to non‑OECD countries is specifically prohibited according to the export ban amendment to the Convention. The Convention is implemented by the EU via the Waste Shipment Regulation. The detailed items in the Convention are as follows,
Waste classified as hazardous in the Convention or by the country of export, import or transit is subject to a prior notification to the authorities before trans-boundary shipment. Notification means that the exporter has to inform the competent authority about a planned shipment (for example type, amount, destination of the waste) and needs a written consent from the authority prior to the shipment.
Export of hazardous waste from OECD countries to non‑OECD countries is prohibited but requires further countries to ratify the export ban amendment to the Basel Convention to come into force globally.
Every year each country has to submit a report to the Secretariat of the Basel Convention on the annual amounts of hazardous waste generated, imported and exported.
The London Convention59
The London Convention 1972 is an international treaty that limits the discharge of waste that are generated on land and disposed of at sea. A so called “black-and-grey list” approach is applied for wastes, which can be considered for disposal at sea according to the hazard they present to the environment. The 1996 Protocol is a separate agreement that modernized and updated the London Convention, following a detailed review that began in 1993. A “reverse list” approach is adopted, which implies that all dumping is prohibited unless explicitly permitted. The 1996 Protocol will eventually replace the London Convention.
The Stockholm Convention60
The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) targets 12 major POPs for reduction and eventual elimination. The initial list includes PCBs, dioxins and furans, and DDT and other pesticides. The Convention also sets up a system for tackling additional chemicals that may be identified in the future as unacceptably hazardous. It recognizes that a special effort may sometimes be needed to phase out certain chemicals for certain uses. The Convention channels resources into cleaning up the existing stockpiles of POPs that litter the world’s landscape. The Convention entered into force in 2004.