- •Public Policy Analysis
- •IMpa Grands exercices de cours
- •1. Introduction 99
- •The Analysis of China’s Policy of Importing Solid Waste Zhanyu Li
- •1. Introduction 99
- •1. Introduction 99
- •8. Conclusion 129
- •Introduction
- •1.1 The choice of policies and countries
- •1.2 Short history of China’s policy of waste importation
- •1.3 Short history of Germany’s policy of waste importation
- •The Political Definition of the Problem
- •2.1 China’s political definition of the problem
- •Intervention hypothesis
- •2.2 Germany’s political definition of the problem
- •Intervention Hypothesis
- •2.3 Comparative studies
- •3.1 Five constituent elements of the pap of China’s policy of waste importation
- •3.2 Five constituent elements of the pap of Germany’s policy of waste importation
- •3.3 Comparative studies
- •China’s paAs
- •The paa of licensing the domestic consignees
- •4.2 Germany’s paAs
- •4.3 Comparative studies
- •5.1 China’s aPs
- •5.2 Germany’s aPs
- •5.3 Comparative studies
- •The outputs
- •6.1 China’s output of licensing enterprises using solid waste
- •6.2 Germany’s output of written consent of shipment of waste
- •6.3 Comparative studies
- •Evaluative Statements
- •7.1 Evaluating China’s output of licensing solid waste
- •7.2 Evaluating Germany’s output of consent
- •7.3. Comparative Studies
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •The Analysis of China’s Policy
- •Of Importing Solid Waste
- •Zhanyu Li
- •Abstract
- •Research Background
- •1.1 The definition of solid waste
- •1.2. The double-edged solid waste
- •1.3. The global waste trade
- •1.4. International conventions and agreements
- •Research Rationale
- •Literature Review and Conceptual Framework
- •3.1 The literatures on solid waste
- •3.2. The literatures on China’s import of solid waste
- •3.3. Conceptual framework
- •Research questions
- •Data Collection and Methodology
- •The overall description of solid waste imported by China
- •The driving force behind China's import of solid waste
- •7.1 The imported solid waste can mitigate the domestic lack of resources.
- •7.2. The cheap labour resources in China
- •7.3. The needs arising from certain industries
- •7.4. The underdeveloped domestic collecting system
- •7.5. Low shipping costs
- •The challenges facing Chinese public authorities
- •8.1. The transferring, renting and faking of import license.
- •8.2. The waste trafficking
- •8.3. The lack of public awareness of significance of imported solid waste
- •8.4. The inadequacy of technologies, personnel and other public resources
- •8.5. The secondary environmental pollution caused by inappropriate use of
- •Imported solid waste
- •The evolution of Chinese policies of importing solid waste
- •The current regimes of regulating import of solid waste
- •10.1. The competent authorities
- •10.2. The legal framework
- •Political agenda setting
- •Policy Programming
- •12.1. Political-administrative programs
- •12.2. Political-administrative arrangements
- •12.3. The actors' games at the stage of policy programming – the example of China's Association of Plastics Processing Industry
- •Policy implementation
- •13.1. Action plans
- •13.2. The operational analysis of aPs of enclosed management zone
- •Implementation acts (outputs)
- •14.1. Operational analysis of implementation acts
- •14.2. The Game of Policy Actors at the Stage of Policy Implementation- The example of the implementation of policy of imported solid waste at Luqiao District of Taizhou City.
- •Evaluating policy effects
- •15.1. The dimensions of evaluating the policy of import of solid waste
- •15.2. Data collections
- •15.3. Other independent variants
- •Appendix I
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Causal Model
- •2.3 Comparative discussions
- •Causal hypothesis
- •Political-administrative Program (pap)
- •Mainland China
- •3.1.1 Concrete objectives
- •3.1.2 Evaluative elements
- •3.1.3 Operational elements
- •3.1.4 Paa and resources
- •3.1.5 Procedural elements
- •Hong Kong
- •3.2.1 Concrete objectives
- •3.2.2 Evaluative elements
- •3.2.3 Operational elements
- •3.2.4 Paa and resources
- •3.2.5 Procedural elements
- •3.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •Political-administrative Arrangement (paa)
- •4.1 Mainland China
- •4.2 Hong Kong
- •4.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •Action plan (ap)
- •5.1 Mainland China
- •5.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •Outputs
- •Mainland China (Beijing)
- •6.1.1 Output one: Restrictions on the last digit of vehicle plate numbers
- •6.1.2 Output two: Lottery systems for new car plates
- •Hong Kong
- •6.2.1 Output one: Improvement of the interchange between private and public transport modes.
- •6.2.2 Output two: Use of Alternative Fuel Vehicles to replace Diesel Vehicles
- •6.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •6.3.1. Strategies
- •6.3.2. Six dimensions of the analysis of the outputs
- •Evaluative statement
- •7.1 The evaluative statement in Beijing
- •7.2 The evaluative statement in Hong Kong
- •7.3 Comparative discussion
- •Conclusion
- •References
1.2. The double-edged solid waste
Solid waste is a term of temporal and spatial dimensions. In terms of temporal dimensions, at certain moment, a kind of solid waste may be unable to recycled or reused due to inadequate technologies. However, with the development of technologies and the lack of raw materials, the trend of using solid waste as resources is inescapable. From the spatial perspective, the discarded waste that is useless in certain place may be recycled and reused in other places. Therefore, the waste is called as "the misplaced resources."45
The negative environmental impact of solid waste
On the one hand, solid waste is harmful to the environment. If not being properly handled, with the influence from the nature, the hazardous components of solid waste will enter into the ecosystem by polluting the air, water and soil. Some pollutants can be accumulated in organic bodies, which will pose potential risks to human health. The negative environmental impacts of solid waste can be embodied in the following ways:46
Firstly, solid waste will lead to the encroachment of valuable spaces. The dumping of waste takes more and more valuable land space. It is estimated that 10 thousands of solid waste may cover an area of 666.7 kilometers. (Qiu, 2007)
Secondly, solid waste will lead to water pollution. The dumping of solid waste may produce leachate, which is the liquid that forms as water trickles through contaminated areas leaching out the chemicals. For example, the leaching of landfill can result in a leachate containing a cocktail of chemicals. The movement of contaminated leachate may result in hazardous substances entering surface water, groundwater.
Thirdly, solid waste will cause soil contamination. Contaminants in the soil can harm plants when they take up the contamination through their roots. Ingesting, inhaling or touching contaminated soil, as well as eating plants or animals that have accumulated soil contaminants can adversely impact the health of humans and animals.
Last but not least, solid waste will incur air contamination. The biodegradation of waste will lead to the emission of toxic air. The transportation and disposal of waste will cause the dispersion of small articles. Air pollution can cause respiratory problems and other adverse health effects as contaminants are absorbed from the lungs into other parts of the body.
The positive aspect of solid waste
On the other hand, the reuse and recycling of solid waste in an proper way can bring environmental and economic benefits to people.
If recycled properly, solid waste is a kind of eco-friendly resources. For example, the waste paper can be converted to disposed paper at the rate of 10 to 8, thus replacing other raw materials and resources, such as wood, water, coal, and electricity.47 As human society has grown wealthier, it has created more and more rubbish. Higher living standards mean that people are buying more products. There are also more single-person households which tend to produce more waste per person than families or groups. Consumption has changed dramatically. Today, consumers have much more choice and products are designed to have shorter lifespans. There are also many more single-use and disposable products. Advances in technology mean that people own and use many more personal devices, and update them more often. These lifestyle changes may have increased our quality of life, but they also mean we are generating more waste than ever before. Therefore, it is essential to make use of solid waste, which will be the stock of raw materials for human being in the future.