- •Public Policy Analysis
- •IMpa Grands exercices de cours
- •1. Introduction 99
- •The Analysis of China’s Policy of Importing Solid Waste Zhanyu Li
- •1. Introduction 99
- •1. Introduction 99
- •8. Conclusion 129
- •Introduction
- •1.1 The choice of policies and countries
- •1.2 Short history of China’s policy of waste importation
- •1.3 Short history of Germany’s policy of waste importation
- •The Political Definition of the Problem
- •2.1 China’s political definition of the problem
- •Intervention hypothesis
- •2.2 Germany’s political definition of the problem
- •Intervention Hypothesis
- •2.3 Comparative studies
- •3.1 Five constituent elements of the pap of China’s policy of waste importation
- •3.2 Five constituent elements of the pap of Germany’s policy of waste importation
- •3.3 Comparative studies
- •China’s paAs
- •The paa of licensing the domestic consignees
- •4.2 Germany’s paAs
- •4.3 Comparative studies
- •5.1 China’s aPs
- •5.2 Germany’s aPs
- •5.3 Comparative studies
- •The outputs
- •6.1 China’s output of licensing enterprises using solid waste
- •6.2 Germany’s output of written consent of shipment of waste
- •6.3 Comparative studies
- •Evaluative Statements
- •7.1 Evaluating China’s output of licensing solid waste
- •7.2 Evaluating Germany’s output of consent
- •7.3. Comparative Studies
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •The Analysis of China’s Policy
- •Of Importing Solid Waste
- •Zhanyu Li
- •Abstract
- •Research Background
- •1.1 The definition of solid waste
- •1.2. The double-edged solid waste
- •1.3. The global waste trade
- •1.4. International conventions and agreements
- •Research Rationale
- •Literature Review and Conceptual Framework
- •3.1 The literatures on solid waste
- •3.2. The literatures on China’s import of solid waste
- •3.3. Conceptual framework
- •Research questions
- •Data Collection and Methodology
- •The overall description of solid waste imported by China
- •The driving force behind China's import of solid waste
- •7.1 The imported solid waste can mitigate the domestic lack of resources.
- •7.2. The cheap labour resources in China
- •7.3. The needs arising from certain industries
- •7.4. The underdeveloped domestic collecting system
- •7.5. Low shipping costs
- •The challenges facing Chinese public authorities
- •8.1. The transferring, renting and faking of import license.
- •8.2. The waste trafficking
- •8.3. The lack of public awareness of significance of imported solid waste
- •8.4. The inadequacy of technologies, personnel and other public resources
- •8.5. The secondary environmental pollution caused by inappropriate use of
- •Imported solid waste
- •The evolution of Chinese policies of importing solid waste
- •The current regimes of regulating import of solid waste
- •10.1. The competent authorities
- •10.2. The legal framework
- •Political agenda setting
- •Policy Programming
- •12.1. Political-administrative programs
- •12.2. Political-administrative arrangements
- •12.3. The actors' games at the stage of policy programming – the example of China's Association of Plastics Processing Industry
- •Policy implementation
- •13.1. Action plans
- •13.2. The operational analysis of aPs of enclosed management zone
- •Implementation acts (outputs)
- •14.1. Operational analysis of implementation acts
- •14.2. The Game of Policy Actors at the Stage of Policy Implementation- The example of the implementation of policy of imported solid waste at Luqiao District of Taizhou City.
- •Evaluating policy effects
- •15.1. The dimensions of evaluating the policy of import of solid waste
- •15.2. Data collections
- •15.3. Other independent variants
- •Appendix I
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Causal Model
- •2.3 Comparative discussions
- •Causal hypothesis
- •Political-administrative Program (pap)
- •Mainland China
- •3.1.1 Concrete objectives
- •3.1.2 Evaluative elements
- •3.1.3 Operational elements
- •3.1.4 Paa and resources
- •3.1.5 Procedural elements
- •Hong Kong
- •3.2.1 Concrete objectives
- •3.2.2 Evaluative elements
- •3.2.3 Operational elements
- •3.2.4 Paa and resources
- •3.2.5 Procedural elements
- •3.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •Political-administrative Arrangement (paa)
- •4.1 Mainland China
- •4.2 Hong Kong
- •4.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •Action plan (ap)
- •5.1 Mainland China
- •5.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •Outputs
- •Mainland China (Beijing)
- •6.1.1 Output one: Restrictions on the last digit of vehicle plate numbers
- •6.1.2 Output two: Lottery systems for new car plates
- •Hong Kong
- •6.2.1 Output one: Improvement of the interchange between private and public transport modes.
- •6.2.2 Output two: Use of Alternative Fuel Vehicles to replace Diesel Vehicles
- •6.3 Comparisons between Mainland China and Hong Kong
- •6.3.1. Strategies
- •6.3.2. Six dimensions of the analysis of the outputs
- •Evaluative statement
- •7.1 The evaluative statement in Beijing
- •7.2 The evaluative statement in Hong Kong
- •7.3 Comparative discussion
- •Conclusion
- •References
The Analysis of China’s Policy
Of Importing Solid Waste
Zhanyu Li
Abstract
The aim of this research is to understand China’s policy of importing solid waste as well as to help policymakers further improve the policy and better formulate the policies in the same field.
To achieve this aim, the author tries to employ the concepts proposed by Peter Knoepfel in his work of Public Policy Analysis to conduct an analysis of this policy from both descriptive and explanatory perspectives.
In the introductory chapter, research background, research rationale, literature reviews and conceptual frameworks, research questions as well as research methodology will be presented. The second chapter will unfold an overall picture of China’s regime of importing solid waste, enabling readers to have an initial understanding of this policy in reality. Then, as the main part of the thesis, the third chapter is contributed to answer the research questions by describing the six policy products and proposing various evaluative dimensions. Moreover, in this chapter, the author also tries to explain the products by demonstrating the actors’ games through two empirical examples. In the last chapter, the findings of the research will be concluded and its limitations will also be discussed.
Key Words: China; Policy Analysis; Importation; Solid Waste
Chapter I: introduction
Research Background
1.1 The definition of solid waste
There are various ways of defining solid waste. In the Basel Convention (signed in the year of 1989, and came into force in the year of 1992), “waste” are substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to disposed of by the provisions of national law.38 Wastes are materials that are not prime products (that is products produced for the market) for which the generator has no further use in terms of his/her own purposes of production, transformation or consumption, and of which he/she wants to dispose. Wastes may be generated during the extraction of raw materials, the processing of raw materials into intermediate and final products, the consumption of final products, and other human activities. Residuals recycled or reused at the place of generation are excluded.39 The EU definition on waste is that waste is "any material which the holder discards, is obliged to discard or intends to discard". This definition is aligned to that of the UN Convention on the shipment of hazardous waste (Basel Convention).40 In the law of RCRA of the United States, solid waste means any garbage or refuse; sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility; and other discarded material, including solid, liquid, semisolid, or contained gaseous material resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations, and from community activities. Solid wastes include both hazardous and nonhazardous waste.41 In China’s Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution Caused by Solid Waste (2004), solid waste is defined as “substance in solid, semi-solid state and gaseous substances in containers that have lost the original value of utilization or have not lost the value of utilization but have been abandoned or that has been abandoned coming from production, life and other activities and the substances and materials that have been bring into the administration of solid waste as prescribed by laws and administrative rules and regulations.”42
Apart from the definitions of solid waste, the ways of classifying solid waste are also different. In the terms of chemical components, there are two kinds of waste, inorganic and organic. In terms of dangerousness, there are two kinds waste, hazardous and non-hazardous. In terms of sources, there are different kinds of waste, mining, industrial, urban, agricultural. At present, the system of classifying the solid waste in China can be referred to the following table;43
Table I: The classification of solid waste in China
The classification of solid waste |
The relevant regulations and standards |
The way of classification |
The industrial solid waste |
No formal regulations |
1. 28 types of industrial solid waste which are classified in the registration work of pollution emission
|
The urban household solid waste |
The Catalogue and Standards of Urban Municipal Waste (CJJ/T 102-2004) |
The municipal waste are divided into 6 types of waste including the recycled, bulk, compostable, hazardous and other types of waste |
The hazardous solid waste |
The Catalogue of Hazardous Waste (The Announcement No. 1 of 2008 issued by The Ministry of Environmental Protection) |
1. 49 categories and 401 types of hazardous waste; 2. The five types of hazardous waste in Catalogue of Medical Waste |
The author based on The Comparative Studies of the Classification of Solid Waste among China, Japan, and Europe. Available at http://www.cn-hw.net/html/sort054/200906/10857.html
Some kinds of solid waste are hazardous waste, while others are non-hazardous. The hazardous solid waste is dangerous to the environment, the health of human beings, the safety of animals and plants. It should be noted that, generally, the radioactive waste is not included in the regime of solid waste management. There is an independent management regime of radioactive solid waste. In the Catalogue of Hazardous Waste issued by The Ministry of Environmental Protection,44 there are 49 types of hazardous waste.
China has issued The Catalogue of Solid Waste Automatically Licensed for Import, and The Catalogue of Solid Waste Restricted for Import to divide the solid waste which can be imported by China into 10 groups, which are related to 45 HS codes of customs. Other kinds of solid waste which are not included in the Catalogue are prohibited to import.