Самостійна робота

1. Прочитайте текст. Випишіть речення з часовими формами Perfect Passive, перекладіть їх письмово:

Tillage operations.

Good crops have never been produced on poorly prepared ground.

Ploughing has always been the most important step in the preparation of the seedbed. This operation loosens the soil, turns under the vegetable material, and mixes it with the soil; it also destroys weeds. The soil should not be too dry or too wet when the ploughing is done. This operation may be done as soon as the previous crop has been removed from the land.

Sometimes ploughing is done in the fall, sometimes in the spring. Time of ploughing has generally depended on the climatic and soil conditions. However, fall ploughing has not been done on land subject to winter erosion. Spring ploughing has always been practiced on soils that erode easily. On heavy soils spring ploughing has never been desirable. They have been often successfully ploughed in the fall. In this case time is saved, and changes of weather improve soil structure.

Soils of light types have generally been ploughed in the spring to save their nutrients for crops.

Harrowing. The final preparation of the seedbed is harrowing. Harrowing makes the soil fine, loose and deep enough to provide good contact between the seed and moist soil. When the seedbed is prepared, farmers may begin sowing (seeding) crops.

Notes:

Till v – обробляти землю, орати; tillage n – обробка землі; 2. poorly adv – погано, невдало; 3. subject to – схильний до; 4. loose a – пухкий, loosen v – розпушувати; 5. turn under – заорювати; 6. fine a – дрібний; 7. nutrients n pl – поживні речовини; 6. harrow – боронувати.

2. Перекладіть речення українською, звертаючи увагу на часові форми Perfect Passive. Поясніть їх вживання. Утворіть заперечну форму:

1. The seedbed for winter wheat had been ploughed before rainfall was heavy. 2. The vegetables will have been harvested by the first frosts.

3. Ploughing has just been done. 4. Spring ploughing has always been practiced on soils of light types. 5. Soils low in organic matter have been ploughed in the spring to make them more easily cultivated. 6. If the soil has been tilled well we may expect good results. 7. The effect of soil erosion had always been considered in planning all tillage operations.

3. Підкресліть часові форми Perfect Active. Закінчіть речення відповідною часовою формою пасивного стану:

1. Farmers have already done all tillage operations in their fields.

All tillage operations __________________ by farmers in their fields.

2. They had harrowed their fields thoroughly before they sowed spring wheat.

Their fields ______________________ before they sowed spring wheat.

3. Farmers have never ploughed clay soils when they are wet.

Clay soils _______________________when they are wet.

4. Students have just planted many exotic trees and shrubs in the park.

Many exotic trees and shrubs _________________ by students in the park.

4. Скажіть, чи ви згідні з такими твердженнями:

1. The preparation of good seedbed is one of the most important factors in getting high yields.

2. The most common tillage preparations are ploughing, harrowing, and cultivating.

3. Harrowing is the first and the most important step in the preparation of the seedbed.

4. Crop rotation is of great importance in providing favourable conditions for plant growth.

5. Farmers use only fertilizers to produce good crops.

6. The milk gives farmers a steady income throughout the year.

7. Crop species growing as well as types of animal husbandry depend on soil and climatic conditions.