7. Дайте відповіді на питання:

4. Who was London founded by? How old is it?

5. Where is London situated?

6. What is the population of London?

7. What main parts is London divided into?

8. What can you tell about the City?

9. What is the principal difference between the East End and the West End?

10. What places of interest are there in London?

8. Вивчіть нові слова та прочитайте текст

TEXT C: THE FOUNDATIONFOT IMPROVEMENT OF LAND RELATIONS

words and words combinations:

exaggeration - перебільшення

significant event – знакова подія

conformity - узгодженість

merit – заслуга, заслужити

domain – власність, сфера інтересів

inviolability – нерушимість, недоторканість

social justice – соціальна справедливість

reapportionment – непропорційний розподіл

unacceptable - недопустимий

impact – удар, вплив, укріплювати, зачіпати чиїсь інтереси

peasant – сільський житель

absentee landlords – відсутній орендодавець, володар

elimination – виключення, ліквідація

tenant – власник, мешканець, жити, займати простір

essentially – по суті, суттєво

inherent – невід’ємний, приналежний

estate – маєток, майно

hence – звідси, з тих пір

a crucial source – ключовий документ

lack – відсутність (чого-небудь), бути у нужді

TEXT C: THE FOUNDATIONFOT IMPROVEMENT OF LAND RELATIONS

Nevertheless, a major achievement of the land reform and, it may be said without exaggeration, - a significant political event of 2001 was the Land Code of Ukraine passed by Verkhovna Rada on October 25 signed be the President of Ukraine.

The new version of the Land Code of Ukraine is in conformity with the Constitution of Ukraine, harmonizing the Land Code provisions with the norms of land legislation Decrees of the President of Ukraine. It incorporates norms securing an immediate, direct effect, but not general declaration. The main merit of the new version of the Land Code of Ukraine is its having enacted farm land privatization practices into law, in particular, - the provision for certificates of land share ownership.

The Land Code creates a foundation for further improvement and development of land relations not only in the agrarian sector, but also in the domain of non-farm lands basing on the following principles:

1. Inviolability of private ownership of land marketability of land;

2. Social justice in reapportionment of state-owned and municipal lands;

3. Combination of high economic efficiency and environmental safety of land use.

The new Land Code introduces a number constrains that may be unacceptable for countries with developed market economies. But these are transitional provisions conditioned politically first of all. The expectation is that these constrains will be lifted soon.

The impact of land reform on agricultural productivity depends on what kind of system is being reformed as well as content of the reform measures. Land reform has the greatest positive impact on productivity where the previous system was one of small peasant farms, with high rates of insecure tenancy and absentee landlords. Under such conditions reform has little impact on cultivation practices since farms are small both before and after reform. Elimination of landlords also has little effect on productivity because they have nothing to do with farming. On the other hand, turning tenants into owners provides them with a greater incentive to invest in improvements. The Chinese, Japanese and South Korean land reforms of the 1940s and 1950s were all essentially of this kind.

At the other extreme are reforms that break up large, highly efficient modern estates or farms and substitute small, inefficient producers. In many parts of the developing world, such as Mexico, Kenya, Malaysia large, highly mechanized estates using the most advanced techniques have grown up over time. The incentive inherent in the use of skilled professional estate managers. Often these estates are major suppliers of agricultural produce for export, and hence a crucial source of the developing country’s foreign exchange. If land reform breaks up these estates and turns them over to small peasant proprietors, who know little about modern techniques and lack the capital to pay for them, the impact on agricultural productivity can be catastrophic. But there are also examples, as in the Kenyan highlands, where the breakup of large estates into small peasant holding actually increased productivity, mainly because the small holdings were farmed much more intensively than the large estates.

I. Answer the questions:

1. What effort was taken in 2001 in the area of agricultural?

2. What was the major essence of the new Land Code of Ukraine?

3. Did the Land Code create the foundation for improvement of land relations in the agrarian sector or in the other spheres?

4. What did the new Land Code introduce?

5. Did achievements in land reforming yield a radical revival of agricultural production?

6. Is land lease market developing in Ukraine?

7. What does the Land Code create?

8. The new Land Code introduces a number of constraints for Ukraine. Are these constraints acceptable for countries with developed market economies?

9. What does an agricultural productivity depend on from?

10. Is the land reform always efficient?

II. Mach the words on the left with the correct definitions in the right:

1. law	a) an official written agreement in which land is let to somebody else for a certain period of time in return for rent;
2. code	b) an official piece of paper that says that something is true or correct;
3. constrain	c) changing the ownership of an organization from the government to a private company;
4. privatization	d) to limit on something or on your freedom to do something;
5. lease	e) a set of rules for behavior, a set of standards agreed and accepted by government;
6. certificate	f) to write one’s name to show that one accepts or agrees with the contents;
7. peasant	g) system of rules and principles that has been excepted by society or a group of people;
8. to sign	e) man working on the land or on a very small farm which he rents or owns

III. Find as many synonyms as possible to the following words and make your own sentences with them:

To purchase - _______________________________________________________

To create - _________________________________________________________

To develop - ________________________________________________________

To calculate - _______________________________________________________

Share - ____________________________________________________________

IV. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:

1. There are always some financial constrains on a project like this. He signed the document under constraints.

2. We calculated that the advantages would be greater than the disadvantages. It is difficult to calculate how long the project will take.

3. I want to transfer $ 1000 from my deposit to my current account in a bank.

4. There’s only one room available so we’ll have to share. Shares in the company can bought and sold.

5. Many employees have the opportunity to purchase shares in the company they work for. The purchaser of the house agrees to pay a deposit of 10%.

6. You have achieved the success you desire. She felt that book was her greatest achievement.

V. Translate into English:

Земельна реформа є складовою частиною економічної реформи, яка проводиться в Україні у зв’язку із переходом економіки держави до ринкових відносин. Завданням цієї реформи є перерозподіл земель з одночасною передачею їх у приватну власність, а також у користування підприємствам, установам та організаціям з метою створення умов для рівноправного розвитку різних форм господарювання на землі, формування багатоукладної економіки, раціонального використання та охорони земель.

Для того, щоб стати високорозвиненою країною, Україна зобов’язана освоїти постіндустріальну стадію цивілізаційного розвитку. Для цього, насамперед, потрібно визначитися з місцем та роллю землі в економічному кугооберті ресурсів держави. Через те, що земля в Україні досі не має реальної ціни, не стала товаром і капіталом, економіка держави може повернутися у до індустріальну стадію розвитку цивілізації.

Невирішеність земельного питання не дає змоги і права віднести Україну до країн, які перебувають на індустріальній стадії цивілізованого розвитку, в якій капітал землі є складовою національного багатства.