- •Carbohydrate
- •Minerals
- •Water: h2o
- •Mandatory Food Tests
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigation of Abiotic Factors (Three Mandatory Activities) Soil pH
- •Improper Trapping Techniques: all evasive species may not be captured and/or insufficient numbers captured in follow up surveying.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigation of Abiotic Factors (Three Mandatory Activities) Soil pH
- •Improper Trapping Techniques: all evasive species may not be captured and/or insufficient numbers captured in follow up surveying.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigation of Abiotic Factors (Three Mandatory Activities) Soil pH
- •Improper Trapping Techniques: all evasive species may not be captured and/or insufficient numbers captured in follow up surveying.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigation of Abiotic Factors (Three Mandatory Activities) Soil pH
- •Improper Trapping Techniques: all evasive species may not be captured and/or insufficient numbers captured in follow up surveying.
- •Cell Structure
- •36 Of the 38 atPs from one molecule of glucose are produced in the mitochondrion.
- •Cell Structure
- •36 Of the 38 atPs from one molecule of glucose are produced in the mitochondrion.
- •Cell Structure
- •36 Of the 38 atPs from one molecule of glucose are produced in the mitochondrion.
- •Active Site Theory
- •Bioprocessing
- •Immobilised enzymes are not free in solution – for example they cam be held in a bead of soft permeable gel or coat the internal surface of a porous solid.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigate the Effect of Heat Denaturation on the Activity of an Enzyme
- •Active Site Theory
- •Bioprocessing
- •Immobilised enzymes are not free in solution – for example they cam be held in a bead of soft permeable gel or coat the internal surface of a porous solid.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigate the Effect of Heat Denaturation on the Activity of an Enzyme
- •Active Site Theory
- •Bioprocessing
- •Immobilised enzymes are not free in solution – for example they cam be held in a bead of soft permeable gel or coat the internal surface of a porous solid.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigate the Effect of Heat Denaturation on the Activity of an Enzyme
- •Photosynthesis
- •In the Dark Stage electrons from chlorophyll, protons from the pool and carbon dioxide react together forming carbohydrate
- •Detailed Description of Photosynthesis
- •In fermentation the glucose is only partially broken down. A lot of energy is still available in ethanol and lactic acid.
- •Aerobic Respiration of Glucose (6c)
- •Bioprocessing With Immobilised Cells
- •Mandatory Activity
- •Insert a ‘fermentation lock’ into each.
- •Osmosis
- •Introduction
- •Isolation of dna from Plant Tissue Textbook Diagram: dna isolation from plant tissue.
- •Vegetative Structure Textbook Diagram: vegetative structure.
- •Vegetative structure is haploid (n).
- •In favourable conditions the zygospore germinates by meiosis.
- •Precautions
- •View the incubated plates through the clear lid - never remove the lid.
- •Functions of Plant Parts
- •Its nucleus also controls the sieve element.
- •Immunity: protection against pathogens — blood clotting; phagocytes, lymphocytes and antibodies distributed in blood.
- •Valves in the veins prevent the backflow of blood so the flow is in one correct direction towards the heart.
- •The Heart
- •The Lymphatic System
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigate the effect of exercise on your heart rate
- •Identify the arteries – pulmonary connected to right ventricle, aorta to left ventricle.
- •Plant Growth Regulators
- •Plant Protection Adaptations
- •Mandatory Activity
- •Investigate the Effect of Auxin on Plant Tissue
- •Improved chance of success by reducing competition and overcrowding.
- •Seed Dormancy
- •Seed Germination
- •Stages of Seedling Growth
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Incubate all plates upside down for 3 days at 20°c.
- •Seed Dormancy
- •Seed Germination
- •Stages of Seedling Growth
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Incubate all plates upside down for 3 days at 20°c.
Seed Germination
Seed germination is the restart of growth by the plant embryo using the food stored in the seed.
Water, oxygen and a suitable temperature are the major factors for successful germination.
Water
Plant cells are 90% water.
Water is essential for increase in cell number during growth.
Water is needed for food reserve digestion and transport of nutrients to the growing points.
Oxygen
Oxygen is needed for efficient ATP production from the reserve food.
Fermentation is nineteen times less efficient than aerobic respiration.
Suitable Temperature
Required for optimum enzyme activity and so for optimum growth.
Some of the enzymes are involved in the digestion of the complex food reserve.
Other enzymes are involved in growth and ‘housekeeping’ activities.
Stages of Seedling Growth
Textbook Diagram: seed germination
Conditions for germination are suitable and dormancy is over.
Water and oxygen enter the seed.
Metabolism speeds up.
Enzymes digest the complex food reserve (starch, protein, lipid).
The digested food is transported to the growing areas of the embryo.
The food is used for growth.
Most of the food is used in aerobic respiration resulting in loss of dry weight.
The radicle grows out forming a rooting system.
The plumule emerges forming a shoot system.
Photosynthesis begins.
Dry weight increases and seedling is independent when photosynthesis is greater than respiration.
Mandatory Activities
To Investigate the Effect of Water, Oxygen and Temperature on Seed Germination
Textbook Diagram: set up of the apparatus
Four small clear glass jars kept in darkness.
Jar A: water-soaked seeds on soaked cotton wool, open to air at 20ºC.
Jar B: dry seeds on dry cotton wool, open to the air at 20ºC.
Jar C: 4°C – water-soaked seeds on soaked cotton wool (in a fridge) open to the air.
Jar D: water-soaked seeds at 20°C in a sealed jar that does not have oxygen in the air – oxygen removed by pyrogallol or wet iron filings on filter paper.
One week later check the results.
Results
A: water, oxygen and suitable temperature together present / germination.
B: no water / no germination.
C: low temperature / no germination.
D: no oxygen / no germination.
Conclusion: water, suitable temperature and oxygen are together required for seed germination.
To Show Digestive Activity During Seed Germination
Textbook Diagram: set up of apparatus