- •Carbohydrate
- •Minerals
- •Water: h2o
- •Mandatory Food Tests
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigation of Abiotic Factors (Three Mandatory Activities) Soil pH
- •Improper Trapping Techniques: all evasive species may not be captured and/or insufficient numbers captured in follow up surveying.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigation of Abiotic Factors (Three Mandatory Activities) Soil pH
- •Improper Trapping Techniques: all evasive species may not be captured and/or insufficient numbers captured in follow up surveying.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigation of Abiotic Factors (Three Mandatory Activities) Soil pH
- •Improper Trapping Techniques: all evasive species may not be captured and/or insufficient numbers captured in follow up surveying.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigation of Abiotic Factors (Three Mandatory Activities) Soil pH
- •Improper Trapping Techniques: all evasive species may not be captured and/or insufficient numbers captured in follow up surveying.
- •Cell Structure
- •36 Of the 38 atPs from one molecule of glucose are produced in the mitochondrion.
- •Cell Structure
- •36 Of the 38 atPs from one molecule of glucose are produced in the mitochondrion.
- •Cell Structure
- •36 Of the 38 atPs from one molecule of glucose are produced in the mitochondrion.
- •Active Site Theory
- •Bioprocessing
- •Immobilised enzymes are not free in solution – for example they cam be held in a bead of soft permeable gel or coat the internal surface of a porous solid.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigate the Effect of Heat Denaturation on the Activity of an Enzyme
- •Active Site Theory
- •Bioprocessing
- •Immobilised enzymes are not free in solution – for example they cam be held in a bead of soft permeable gel or coat the internal surface of a porous solid.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigate the Effect of Heat Denaturation on the Activity of an Enzyme
- •Active Site Theory
- •Bioprocessing
- •Immobilised enzymes are not free in solution – for example they cam be held in a bead of soft permeable gel or coat the internal surface of a porous solid.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigate the Effect of Heat Denaturation on the Activity of an Enzyme
- •Photosynthesis
- •In the Dark Stage electrons from chlorophyll, protons from the pool and carbon dioxide react together forming carbohydrate
- •Detailed Description of Photosynthesis
- •In fermentation the glucose is only partially broken down. A lot of energy is still available in ethanol and lactic acid.
- •Aerobic Respiration of Glucose (6c)
- •Bioprocessing With Immobilised Cells
- •Mandatory Activity
- •Insert a ‘fermentation lock’ into each.
- •Osmosis
- •Introduction
- •Isolation of dna from Plant Tissue Textbook Diagram: dna isolation from plant tissue.
- •Vegetative Structure Textbook Diagram: vegetative structure.
- •Vegetative structure is haploid (n).
- •In favourable conditions the zygospore germinates by meiosis.
- •Precautions
- •View the incubated plates through the clear lid - never remove the lid.
- •Functions of Plant Parts
- •Its nucleus also controls the sieve element.
- •Immunity: protection against pathogens — blood clotting; phagocytes, lymphocytes and antibodies distributed in blood.
- •Valves in the veins prevent the backflow of blood so the flow is in one correct direction towards the heart.
- •The Heart
- •The Lymphatic System
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigate the effect of exercise on your heart rate
- •Identify the arteries – pulmonary connected to right ventricle, aorta to left ventricle.
- •Plant Growth Regulators
- •Plant Protection Adaptations
- •Mandatory Activity
- •Investigate the Effect of Auxin on Plant Tissue
- •Improved chance of success by reducing competition and overcrowding.
- •Seed Dormancy
- •Seed Germination
- •Stages of Seedling Growth
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Incubate all plates upside down for 3 days at 20°c.
- •Seed Dormancy
- •Seed Germination
- •Stages of Seedling Growth
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Incubate all plates upside down for 3 days at 20°c.
Minerals
Minerals or mineral nutrients are soluble inorganic salts that contain elements essential for metabolism.
Minerals are only needed in small quantities in comparison to protein, carbohydrate and lipid.
Plants obtain their minerals by absorbing them from external ‘water’ — soil water, freshwater and seawater. Animals receive most of their minerals in the food they eat; some from the ‘water’ they drink.
Plant Mineral Requirement (any two)
Calcium: for the middle lamella that ‘glues’ neighbouring plant cell walls.
Magnesium: for the production of chlorophyll so vital for photosynthesis.
Animal Mineral Requirement (any two)
Calcium: formation of teeth and bones.
Iron: formation of haemoglobin so vital for oxygen transport in our blood.
General Role of Minerals in Living Organisms
Construction of Hard Parts: calcium for teeth and bone; nitrogen for chitin in the cell walls of fungi.
Formation of Soft Tissue: nitrogen and sulphur in the protein of muscle tissue.
Maintain Correct Fluid Concentration: sodium chloride role in blood plasma concentration.
Water: h2o
Importance of Water for Organisms
Fluid Component: 90% of cell cytoplasm, 92% of blood plasma, 97% of tissue fluid and lymph.
Multipurpose Solvent: medium for metabolism and transport.
Take Part in Metabolic Reactions
Photosynthesis: water is a raw material in the light stage.
Respiration: aerobic respiration produces water.
Anabolism: water in produced when the subunits of macromolecules link together.
Catabolism: water is used to break the bonds that hold together the subunits of macromolecules.
Movement of Materials through Cell Membranes: diffusion, osmosis and active transport.
Control Cell Shape
Immature plant cell enlarge to mature size and shape as a result of their absorption of water by osmosis.
Opening and closing of the stoma by change in shape of the guard cells by change in their turgor.
Turgor plays an important role in the support of soft plant tissue.
Good Absorber of Heat Energy
A lot of heat energy has to be absorbed to bring about an increase in temperature or vaporisation.
Water as a medium is a temperature-stable which is so important for homeostasis.
Vaporisation of water is an excellent cooling mechanism.
Mandatory Food Tests
Starch
Yellow-brown iodine solution is placed on the food sample.
A blue-black colour indicates that starch is present.
A yellow-brown colour indicates that starch is not present.
Reducing Sugar
E.g., glucose, fructose, maltose, lactose. (Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar).
Add an equal volume of blue Benedict’s Reagent to the food solution.
Heat but do not boil.
A brick-red colour indicates that reducing sugar is present.
A blue colour indicates that reducing sugar is not present.
Control: water – blue colour result.
Lipid
Rub the food onto brown paper.
A translucent stain that does not ‘dry out’ indicates fat is present.
Control: water – stain dries out and the brown paper remains opaque.
Protein
Biuret Test: Add sodium hydroxide solution to the food solution.
Then add a few drops of blue copper sulphate solution.
Shake the contents vigorously.
A purple-violet colour indicates protein is present.
Ecological Fieldwork: Principles and Practices
Grassland Habitat
Description of Habitat: General Map and/or Photographs taken at different seasons.
Climate: Cold Temperate Oceanic
Grassland Diversity of Living Organisms
Kingdom Monera: bacteria - saprophytic, nitrogen fixing, nitrifying bacteria.
Kingdom Fungi: yeast of leaves, common field mushroom.
Kingdom Protoctista: Amoeba in damp soil, Pleurococcus on rock and tree bark.
Plant Kingdom: grass, daisy, buttercup, dandelion, clover, bramble, oak, ash.
Animal Kingdom: rabbit, fox, aphid, earthworm, sparrow, hawk, mouse, badger.
Microhabitats within the Grassland Habitat Soil, ditch, oak aerial system, hedgerow, stone wall, oak root system.
A study to discover which species are present in the habitat.
The study will also include absence of expected species.
The unexpected presence or absence of species can indicate unusual environmental conditions.
Identification keys, charts, books can be used to name species.
Quantitative Survey A study to measure the distribution, population, frequency or cover of a species.
Display of Results Graphs, histograms, bar charts, pie chart, flow charts and maps can give a much clearer report of the survey results than a long piece of prose.
Local Ecological Issues Related to the Grassland Habitat
Bird and rabbit kills by local domestic cats.
Exotic garden plants colonising the habitat.
Fragmented distribution of daisies and buttercups due to recreational use.
Increased sparrow population due to local bird feeders.