- •Carbohydrate
- •Minerals
- •Water: h2o
- •Mandatory Food Tests
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigation of Abiotic Factors (Three Mandatory Activities) Soil pH
- •Improper Trapping Techniques: all evasive species may not be captured and/or insufficient numbers captured in follow up surveying.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigation of Abiotic Factors (Three Mandatory Activities) Soil pH
- •Improper Trapping Techniques: all evasive species may not be captured and/or insufficient numbers captured in follow up surveying.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigation of Abiotic Factors (Three Mandatory Activities) Soil pH
- •Improper Trapping Techniques: all evasive species may not be captured and/or insufficient numbers captured in follow up surveying.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigation of Abiotic Factors (Three Mandatory Activities) Soil pH
- •Improper Trapping Techniques: all evasive species may not be captured and/or insufficient numbers captured in follow up surveying.
- •Cell Structure
- •36 Of the 38 atPs from one molecule of glucose are produced in the mitochondrion.
- •Cell Structure
- •36 Of the 38 atPs from one molecule of glucose are produced in the mitochondrion.
- •Cell Structure
- •36 Of the 38 atPs from one molecule of glucose are produced in the mitochondrion.
- •Active Site Theory
- •Bioprocessing
- •Immobilised enzymes are not free in solution – for example they cam be held in a bead of soft permeable gel or coat the internal surface of a porous solid.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigate the Effect of Heat Denaturation on the Activity of an Enzyme
- •Active Site Theory
- •Bioprocessing
- •Immobilised enzymes are not free in solution – for example they cam be held in a bead of soft permeable gel or coat the internal surface of a porous solid.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigate the Effect of Heat Denaturation on the Activity of an Enzyme
- •Active Site Theory
- •Bioprocessing
- •Immobilised enzymes are not free in solution – for example they cam be held in a bead of soft permeable gel or coat the internal surface of a porous solid.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigate the Effect of Heat Denaturation on the Activity of an Enzyme
- •Photosynthesis
- •In the Dark Stage electrons from chlorophyll, protons from the pool and carbon dioxide react together forming carbohydrate
- •Detailed Description of Photosynthesis
- •In fermentation the glucose is only partially broken down. A lot of energy is still available in ethanol and lactic acid.
- •Aerobic Respiration of Glucose (6c)
- •Bioprocessing With Immobilised Cells
- •Mandatory Activity
- •Insert a ‘fermentation lock’ into each.
- •Osmosis
- •Introduction
- •Isolation of dna from Plant Tissue Textbook Diagram: dna isolation from plant tissue.
- •Vegetative Structure Textbook Diagram: vegetative structure.
- •Vegetative structure is haploid (n).
- •In favourable conditions the zygospore germinates by meiosis.
- •Precautions
- •View the incubated plates through the clear lid - never remove the lid.
- •Functions of Plant Parts
- •Its nucleus also controls the sieve element.
- •Immunity: protection against pathogens — blood clotting; phagocytes, lymphocytes and antibodies distributed in blood.
- •Valves in the veins prevent the backflow of blood so the flow is in one correct direction towards the heart.
- •The Heart
- •The Lymphatic System
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigate the effect of exercise on your heart rate
- •Identify the arteries – pulmonary connected to right ventricle, aorta to left ventricle.
- •Plant Growth Regulators
- •Plant Protection Adaptations
- •Mandatory Activity
- •Investigate the Effect of Auxin on Plant Tissue
- •Improved chance of success by reducing competition and overcrowding.
- •Seed Dormancy
- •Seed Germination
- •Stages of Seedling Growth
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Incubate all plates upside down for 3 days at 20°c.
- •Seed Dormancy
- •Seed Germination
- •Stages of Seedling Growth
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Incubate all plates upside down for 3 days at 20°c.
Plant Protection Adaptations
Cuticle: protection against leaf infection by bacteria, fungi and viruses.
Cork: protection against insect pest damage.
Cuticle and Stomata Closure: protection against excessive water loss.
Stinging Dermal Hairs: protection against ‘large’ herbivores.
Spines and Thorns: protection against ‘large’ herbivores.
Toxic Substances: protection against insect pests and ‘large’ herbivores.
Foul Tasting Chemical: discourage ‘large’ herbivores.
Warning Chemicals: to alert neighbouring to start making protective chemicals.
Heat Shock Proteins: prevent specific proteins from denaturing so they remain functional.
Mandatory Activity
Investigate the Effect of Auxin on Plant Tissue
Germinate 60 pea seeds until plumule is 1.5 cm long.
Remove the tip from each plumule – removes the source of auxin.
Cut the plumule to a length of one centimetre.
Organise six sets of 10 ‘decapitated’ plumules.
Measure and record the total length of each set.
Place one set in sucrose solution without auxin – control.
Place the other sets in a sucrose solution of different auxin concentrations.
The concentrations are 100 ppm, 10 ppm, 1 ppm, 0.1 ppm, 0.01 ppm
Sucrose will be a food source for the live plant tissue.
Replace the solutions every day.
After three days measure the total length of each set.
Compare the results to the control.
Graph the results with auxin concentration on the x-axis and change in length on the y-axis.
Repeat the entire process many times to verify the results.
Preparation of Auxin Solutions
Method: Serial Dilution
Five small10 cm3 screw-top bottles.
Separate syringe for each jar.
10 cm3 of auxin solution at 100 ppm (parts per million) in the first jar.
9 cm3 of distilled water in the other four jars.
Remove 1 cm3 of auxin solution from the first jar with a syringe.
Transfer this1 cm3 of auxin solution to the second jar.
Close both jars with their lid.
Shake the second jar vigorously to thorough mix the distilled water and the auxin solution.
Repeat the same procedure from second jar into third jar.
Repeat until the fifth and last jar.
After mixing the last jar discard 1 cm3 of its solution.
All jars contain 9 cm3 of auxin solution each successive one is 10 times more dilute.
Seeds - Dispersal and Germination
Seed Dispersal
Seed dispersal is the scattering of offspring away from each other and from the parent plant.
Advantages of Dispersal
Improved chance of success by reducing competition and overcrowding.
Enables colonisation of new suitable habitats — increased chance of species survival.
Methods of Seed Dispersal
Wind
light weight seeds, e.g., orchid
high air resistance, e.g., ‘parachute’ of dandelion, ‘wings’ of sycamore
Water
buoyant fruit, e.g., sedge
buoyant seed, e.g., water lily
Animal
passive, e.g., burdock
active — the animal seeks the fruit as a food source, e.g., tomato.
Mechanical
pea — the drying pod ‘flicks’ out the seeds.
Adaptations of Seeds as Dispersal Agents
Can survive a long period.
Large food reserve — improved chance of successful establishment on germination.
Early growth accomplished in parent plant before dispersal — improved the chance of successful seedling establishment on germination.