- •Carbohydrate
- •Minerals
- •Water: h2o
- •Mandatory Food Tests
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigation of Abiotic Factors (Three Mandatory Activities) Soil pH
- •Improper Trapping Techniques: all evasive species may not be captured and/or insufficient numbers captured in follow up surveying.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigation of Abiotic Factors (Three Mandatory Activities) Soil pH
- •Improper Trapping Techniques: all evasive species may not be captured and/or insufficient numbers captured in follow up surveying.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigation of Abiotic Factors (Three Mandatory Activities) Soil pH
- •Improper Trapping Techniques: all evasive species may not be captured and/or insufficient numbers captured in follow up surveying.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigation of Abiotic Factors (Three Mandatory Activities) Soil pH
- •Improper Trapping Techniques: all evasive species may not be captured and/or insufficient numbers captured in follow up surveying.
- •Cell Structure
- •36 Of the 38 atPs from one molecule of glucose are produced in the mitochondrion.
- •Cell Structure
- •36 Of the 38 atPs from one molecule of glucose are produced in the mitochondrion.
- •Cell Structure
- •36 Of the 38 atPs from one molecule of glucose are produced in the mitochondrion.
- •Active Site Theory
- •Bioprocessing
- •Immobilised enzymes are not free in solution – for example they cam be held in a bead of soft permeable gel or coat the internal surface of a porous solid.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigate the Effect of Heat Denaturation on the Activity of an Enzyme
- •Active Site Theory
- •Bioprocessing
- •Immobilised enzymes are not free in solution – for example they cam be held in a bead of soft permeable gel or coat the internal surface of a porous solid.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigate the Effect of Heat Denaturation on the Activity of an Enzyme
- •Active Site Theory
- •Bioprocessing
- •Immobilised enzymes are not free in solution – for example they cam be held in a bead of soft permeable gel or coat the internal surface of a porous solid.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigate the Effect of Heat Denaturation on the Activity of an Enzyme
- •Photosynthesis
- •In the Dark Stage electrons from chlorophyll, protons from the pool and carbon dioxide react together forming carbohydrate
- •Detailed Description of Photosynthesis
- •In fermentation the glucose is only partially broken down. A lot of energy is still available in ethanol and lactic acid.
- •Aerobic Respiration of Glucose (6c)
- •Bioprocessing With Immobilised Cells
- •Mandatory Activity
- •Insert a ‘fermentation lock’ into each.
- •Osmosis
- •Introduction
- •Isolation of dna from Plant Tissue Textbook Diagram: dna isolation from plant tissue.
- •Vegetative Structure Textbook Diagram: vegetative structure.
- •Vegetative structure is haploid (n).
- •In favourable conditions the zygospore germinates by meiosis.
- •Precautions
- •View the incubated plates through the clear lid - never remove the lid.
- •Functions of Plant Parts
- •Its nucleus also controls the sieve element.
- •Immunity: protection against pathogens — blood clotting; phagocytes, lymphocytes and antibodies distributed in blood.
- •Valves in the veins prevent the backflow of blood so the flow is in one correct direction towards the heart.
- •The Heart
- •The Lymphatic System
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigate the effect of exercise on your heart rate
- •Identify the arteries – pulmonary connected to right ventricle, aorta to left ventricle.
- •Plant Growth Regulators
- •Plant Protection Adaptations
- •Mandatory Activity
- •Investigate the Effect of Auxin on Plant Tissue
- •Improved chance of success by reducing competition and overcrowding.
- •Seed Dormancy
- •Seed Germination
- •Stages of Seedling Growth
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Incubate all plates upside down for 3 days at 20°c.
- •Seed Dormancy
- •Seed Germination
- •Stages of Seedling Growth
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Incubate all plates upside down for 3 days at 20°c.
Assist the sieve element in food transport.
Live narrow cells with a prominent nucleus.
Its nucleus also controls the sieve element.
Dense cytoplasm particularly rich in mitochondria.
Dicot Root Textbook Diagram: transverse section of young dicot root to show tissue distribution.
Textbook Diagram: longitudinal section of young dicot root to show tissue distribution.
Root Cap: protects the apical meristem.
Apical Meristem: formation of new cells by mitosis for root growth.
Elongation Zone: expansion of cells by osmotic intake of water.
Differentiation Zone: formation of specialised cells for particular functions – dermal, ground, xylem and phloem tissue.
Root Hairs: increase absorption of water and mineral nutrients.
Meristems
A meristem is a group of plant cells with the ability of dividing indefinitely by mitosis.
The major function of a meristem is to provide new cells for plant growth.
The new cells will expand to mature size.
Then will differentiate into dermal, ground or vascular tissue.
Apical meristems are at the growing tips of stems and roots.
Their function is produce new cells increasing the length of the stems and roots.
Circulatory System
Circulatory System: blood and lymphatic systems.
Blood System |
Lymphatic System |
Liquid: blood |
Liquid: blood |
Vessels: arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins |
Vessels: capillaries, ducts + nodes |
Pump: heart |
No specialised pump |
Circuit Flow: from heart to organs back to heart . |
Linear Flow: to subclavian veins from organs |
The Blood System
Functions of Blood System
Transport: to and from tissue cells
Nutrients to tissue cells: amino acids, glucose, vitamins, minerals in solution in the plasma; lipids as lipoproteins.
Oxygen: by red blood corpuscles.
Wastes: urea, uric acid and some CO2 in solution in the plasma. Most CO2 is carried in the red blood corpuscles.
Temperature Regulation: by altering the blood flow through the skin.
Immunity: protection against pathogens — blood clotting; phagocytes, lymphocytes and antibodies distributed in blood.
Communication: hormones distributed to all parts of the body in the blood.
Composition of Blood Plasma: pale yellow sticky liquid; 55% of blood volume.
Components: water 92%, dissolved protein 8%, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, urea, uric acid, CO2, hormones, antibodies.
Suspended Solids
Textbook Diagram: structure of suspended solids of blood.
Red Blood Cells
Tiny biconcave disc-shaped cells.
Do not have a nucleus.
Do not have mitochondria.
Their cytoplasm is rich in haemoglobin.
O2 binds to the iron in haemoglobin.
Made in the bone marrow.
Survive for about four months.
Destroyed and recycled by the liver and spleen.
White Blood Cells (leucocytes)
These are colourless cells and possess a nucleus.
They function in defending the body against pathogens.
Some ‘feed’ on pathogens by phagocytosis.
Others produce antibodies, the specific defence proteins.
Made by the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue.
Platelets
These are tiny fragments of large bone marrow cells.
They carry specialised blood clotting chemicals.
The clotting chemicals are released where blood and lymph vessels are injured.
A nucleus is not present in platelets.
Specialist White Blood Cells
Monocytes: largest white blood cells – engulf viruses, cancer cells, damaged and dead tissue cells.
T Lymphocytes (T cells) – made in the bone marrow, mature in the thymus.
Helper T Cells: stimulate the multiplication of other lymphocytes.
Killer T Cells: inject lethal chemicals into pathogenic cells.
Suppressor T Cells: halt the immune response when the infection has been overcome.
Memory T Cells: give immediate future protection against the same pathogen.
B Lymphocytes (B cells): specific antibody producing cells.
Blood Grouping
ABO Blood Grouping System
Four groups. The blood group depends on the presence or absence of antigen A and antigen on the surface of red blood cells.
Group A: antigen A only.
Group B: antigen B only.
Group AB: antigen A and antigen B are both present.
Group O: antigen A is not present and antigen is not present.
Rhesus Blood Grouping System
Two groups. The group depends on the presence or absence of the Rhesus-antigen.
Rh-positive: the Rhesus-antigen is present.
Rh-negative: the Rhesus-antigen is not present.
Blood Vessels
Textbook Diagrams: transverse sections of artery, vein and capillary.
Artery compared to vein