- •Carbohydrate
- •Minerals
- •Water: h2o
- •Mandatory Food Tests
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigation of Abiotic Factors (Three Mandatory Activities) Soil pH
- •Improper Trapping Techniques: all evasive species may not be captured and/or insufficient numbers captured in follow up surveying.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigation of Abiotic Factors (Three Mandatory Activities) Soil pH
- •Improper Trapping Techniques: all evasive species may not be captured and/or insufficient numbers captured in follow up surveying.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigation of Abiotic Factors (Three Mandatory Activities) Soil pH
- •Improper Trapping Techniques: all evasive species may not be captured and/or insufficient numbers captured in follow up surveying.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigation of Abiotic Factors (Three Mandatory Activities) Soil pH
- •Improper Trapping Techniques: all evasive species may not be captured and/or insufficient numbers captured in follow up surveying.
- •Cell Structure
- •36 Of the 38 atPs from one molecule of glucose are produced in the mitochondrion.
- •Cell Structure
- •36 Of the 38 atPs from one molecule of glucose are produced in the mitochondrion.
- •Cell Structure
- •36 Of the 38 atPs from one molecule of glucose are produced in the mitochondrion.
- •Active Site Theory
- •Bioprocessing
- •Immobilised enzymes are not free in solution – for example they cam be held in a bead of soft permeable gel or coat the internal surface of a porous solid.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigate the Effect of Heat Denaturation on the Activity of an Enzyme
- •Active Site Theory
- •Bioprocessing
- •Immobilised enzymes are not free in solution – for example they cam be held in a bead of soft permeable gel or coat the internal surface of a porous solid.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigate the Effect of Heat Denaturation on the Activity of an Enzyme
- •Active Site Theory
- •Bioprocessing
- •Immobilised enzymes are not free in solution – for example they cam be held in a bead of soft permeable gel or coat the internal surface of a porous solid.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigate the Effect of Heat Denaturation on the Activity of an Enzyme
- •Photosynthesis
- •In the Dark Stage electrons from chlorophyll, protons from the pool and carbon dioxide react together forming carbohydrate
- •Detailed Description of Photosynthesis
- •In fermentation the glucose is only partially broken down. A lot of energy is still available in ethanol and lactic acid.
- •Aerobic Respiration of Glucose (6c)
- •Bioprocessing With Immobilised Cells
- •Mandatory Activity
- •Insert a ‘fermentation lock’ into each.
- •Osmosis
- •Introduction
- •Isolation of dna from Plant Tissue Textbook Diagram: dna isolation from plant tissue.
- •Vegetative Structure Textbook Diagram: vegetative structure.
- •Vegetative structure is haploid (n).
- •In favourable conditions the zygospore germinates by meiosis.
- •Precautions
- •View the incubated plates through the clear lid - never remove the lid.
- •Functions of Plant Parts
- •Its nucleus also controls the sieve element.
- •Immunity: protection against pathogens — blood clotting; phagocytes, lymphocytes and antibodies distributed in blood.
- •Valves in the veins prevent the backflow of blood so the flow is in one correct direction towards the heart.
- •The Heart
- •The Lymphatic System
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigate the effect of exercise on your heart rate
- •Identify the arteries – pulmonary connected to right ventricle, aorta to left ventricle.
- •Plant Growth Regulators
- •Plant Protection Adaptations
- •Mandatory Activity
- •Investigate the Effect of Auxin on Plant Tissue
- •Improved chance of success by reducing competition and overcrowding.
- •Seed Dormancy
- •Seed Germination
- •Stages of Seedling Growth
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Incubate all plates upside down for 3 days at 20°c.
- •Seed Dormancy
- •Seed Germination
- •Stages of Seedling Growth
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Incubate all plates upside down for 3 days at 20°c.
In fermentation the glucose is only partially broken down. A lot of energy is still available in ethanol and lactic acid.
Note: ethanol is one member of the family of chemicals called the alcohols; ethanol is the alcohol of beer, wine and spirits.
(Anaerobic respiration is incorrectly known as fermentation.) Aerobe: an organism that lives and grows only in the presence of free oxygen; it respires aerobically.
Anaerobe: an organism that can live and grow in the absence of free oxygen, it can produce ATP without free oxygen.
Obligate Anaerobe: an organism that is not capable of aerobic respiration (free oxygen is toxic to some of these).
Facultative Anaerobe: an organism that is usually respires aerobically but can survive by anaerobic respiration in the absence or shortage of free oxygen.
Aerobic Respiration of Glucose (6c)
Stage 1: Glycolysis
Takes place in the cytosol – the non-organelle part of the cytoplasm.
Oxygen not used and its presence not required.
Net production of 2ATPs.
Two pairs of hydrogen atoms are ‘donated’ to NAD+.
The six carbon glucose is converted to two pyruvates.
Pyruvate is a three carbon compound.
A compled enzyme pathway is involved in glycolysis.
Stage 2. Formation of acetyl co-enzyme A Takes place in the mitochondrion – the presence of free oxygen is essential.
Pyruvate enters the mitochondrion.
Pyruvate loses a carbon dioxide and a pair of hydrogen atoms.
Pyruvate is thus converted to an two carbon acetyl group.
Co-enzyme A links to the acteyl group forming acetyl coenzyme A.
Krebs Cycle
Acetyl co-enzyme A combines with a four carbon compound in the mitochondrion.
A six carbon is formed with the release of co-enzyme A.
Loss of two carbon dioxides and pairs of hydrogen regenerates the four carbon compound.
One ATP is produced for each turn of the Krebs cycle.
The hydrogen pairs become involved in the Electron Transport System.
Electron Transport Chain
NAD+ is the hydrogen acceptor.
NAD+ takes a hydrogen pair forming NADH + H+.
The H+ (hydrogen ion or proton) enters into solution.
NADH passes two electrons to the Electron Transport Chain in the mitochondrion.
The electrons travel to oxygen releasing energy which is used to make ATP.
About three ATPs are produced for each pair of electrons.
At the end of the chain electrons, oxygen and hydrogen ions from solution form water.
Aerobic Respiration of Glucose – ATP Account
Glycolysis: 2 ATPs
Krebs Cycle: 2 ATPs
Electron Transport Chain: 34 ATPs
Total: 38 ATPs.
NAD+
NAD+ is a hydrogen acceptor – it takes on electrons and hydrogen ions.
NAD+ transfers the electrons and hydrogen ions to other substances in certain cellular activities.
NAD+ collects electrons from many diverse sources and passes them on to electron transport chains.
As the electrons pass along the electron transport chain ATP is synthesised.
Fermentation
The enzymatic controlled release of energy form organic compounds yielding simpler organic compounds and does not involve electron transport.
The two pairs of hydrogen removed from glucose during glycolysis are donated to pyruvate, one pair to each pyruvate.
Pyruvate + 2H ? Lactic Acid (animals, some bacteria) - Lactic Acid Fermentation Pyruvate + 2H ? Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide (plants, fungi and some bacteria) - Alcoholic Fermentation.
Advantages of Fermentation
Permits survival of some organisms in oxygen deficient environments.
Supply of extra ATP when the aerobic system cannot meet the demand for ATP
Disadvantages of Fermentation
The organic end products (lactic acid, ethanol) are toxic.
Inefficient: only 2 ATPs per glucose - much chemical remains in the organic end products.
Role of Micro-organisms in Industrial Fermentation
Industrial fermentation: the growing micro-organisms in a liquid medium under any conditions.
There are a wide variety of micro-organisms with a very extensive range of organic compounds of value to us.
Culturing of specific micro-organisms in carefully controlled favourable conditions can yield a rich harvest of important and useful organic substances – ethanol, acetone, lactic acid (cheese, yoghurt), ethanoic acid (vinegar), antibiotics, vitamins, amino acids, insecticides, enzymes, citric acid, carbon dioxide and methane (natural gas).