- •Carbohydrate
- •Minerals
- •Water: h2o
- •Mandatory Food Tests
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigation of Abiotic Factors (Three Mandatory Activities) Soil pH
- •Improper Trapping Techniques: all evasive species may not be captured and/or insufficient numbers captured in follow up surveying.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigation of Abiotic Factors (Three Mandatory Activities) Soil pH
- •Improper Trapping Techniques: all evasive species may not be captured and/or insufficient numbers captured in follow up surveying.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigation of Abiotic Factors (Three Mandatory Activities) Soil pH
- •Improper Trapping Techniques: all evasive species may not be captured and/or insufficient numbers captured in follow up surveying.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigation of Abiotic Factors (Three Mandatory Activities) Soil pH
- •Improper Trapping Techniques: all evasive species may not be captured and/or insufficient numbers captured in follow up surveying.
- •Cell Structure
- •36 Of the 38 atPs from one molecule of glucose are produced in the mitochondrion.
- •Cell Structure
- •36 Of the 38 atPs from one molecule of glucose are produced in the mitochondrion.
- •Cell Structure
- •36 Of the 38 atPs from one molecule of glucose are produced in the mitochondrion.
- •Active Site Theory
- •Bioprocessing
- •Immobilised enzymes are not free in solution – for example they cam be held in a bead of soft permeable gel or coat the internal surface of a porous solid.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigate the Effect of Heat Denaturation on the Activity of an Enzyme
- •Active Site Theory
- •Bioprocessing
- •Immobilised enzymes are not free in solution – for example they cam be held in a bead of soft permeable gel or coat the internal surface of a porous solid.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigate the Effect of Heat Denaturation on the Activity of an Enzyme
- •Active Site Theory
- •Bioprocessing
- •Immobilised enzymes are not free in solution – for example they cam be held in a bead of soft permeable gel or coat the internal surface of a porous solid.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigate the Effect of Heat Denaturation on the Activity of an Enzyme
- •Photosynthesis
- •In the Dark Stage electrons from chlorophyll, protons from the pool and carbon dioxide react together forming carbohydrate
- •Detailed Description of Photosynthesis
- •In fermentation the glucose is only partially broken down. A lot of energy is still available in ethanol and lactic acid.
- •Aerobic Respiration of Glucose (6c)
- •Bioprocessing With Immobilised Cells
- •Mandatory Activity
- •Insert a ‘fermentation lock’ into each.
- •Osmosis
- •Introduction
- •Isolation of dna from Plant Tissue Textbook Diagram: dna isolation from plant tissue.
- •Vegetative Structure Textbook Diagram: vegetative structure.
- •Vegetative structure is haploid (n).
- •In favourable conditions the zygospore germinates by meiosis.
- •Precautions
- •View the incubated plates through the clear lid - never remove the lid.
- •Functions of Plant Parts
- •Its nucleus also controls the sieve element.
- •Immunity: protection against pathogens — blood clotting; phagocytes, lymphocytes and antibodies distributed in blood.
- •Valves in the veins prevent the backflow of blood so the flow is in one correct direction towards the heart.
- •The Heart
- •The Lymphatic System
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigate the effect of exercise on your heart rate
- •Identify the arteries – pulmonary connected to right ventricle, aorta to left ventricle.
- •Plant Growth Regulators
- •Plant Protection Adaptations
- •Mandatory Activity
- •Investigate the Effect of Auxin on Plant Tissue
- •Improved chance of success by reducing competition and overcrowding.
- •Seed Dormancy
- •Seed Germination
- •Stages of Seedling Growth
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Incubate all plates upside down for 3 days at 20°c.
- •Seed Dormancy
- •Seed Germination
- •Stages of Seedling Growth
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Incubate all plates upside down for 3 days at 20°c.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the production of organic compounds from inorganic molecules using light energy trapped by chlorophyll.
chlorophyll Carbon Dioxide + Water + Light >> Glucose + Oxygen
chlorophyll 6CO2 + 6H2O + Light >> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Location of Chlorophyll in Photosynthetic Plant Cells
Chlorophyll is present in the chloroplasts.
Chlorophyll occurs in the internal green membranes of the chloroplast.
Chloroplasts are ‘the Little Green Slaves of Photosynthetic Plant Cells’.
Textbook Diagram: Chloroplast.
outline of chloroplast structure so it can be recognised as a chloroplast
double outer membrane – inner membrane is smooth, not folded
green internal membranes
Light Stage in the green internal membranes
Dark Stage in the liquid portion of the chloroplast
Source of Light in Leaf Cells
The natural source of light for photosynthesis is the sun.
Artificial light can also be used if it contains red and/or blue wavelengths of visible light.
Source of Carbon Dioxide in Leaf Cells
Carbon dioxide in air is the major source.
Carbon dioxide produced by the mitochondria during aerobic respiration is a minor source.
Carbon dioxide dissolved in water is the major source for aquatic plants.
Source of Water in Leaf Cells
Water from the soil is the major source. Delivered to the leaves in xylem tissue.
Some water is also produced by the mitochondria of leaf cells during aerobic respiration.
Role of Photosynthesis in the Biosphere
Source of food for plants.
Source of oxygen for aerobic respiration of plants, animals and aerobic micro-organisms.
Direct source of food for herbivores and omnivores.
Indirect food source for carnivores and decomposers.
Original organic source from which fossil fuels formed.
Oxygen and Photosynthesis
In normal conditions photosynthesis is much faster than aerobic respiration.
Oxygen formation by photosynthesis is far greater than that used by respiration.
The excess oxygen is released from the plant to the atmosphere.
Oxygen produced by photosynthesis = oxygen used in respiration + oxygen released into air.
General Outline of Photosynthesis
Light Stage
Light energy used to make ATP.
Light energy used to produce NADPH from NADP+.
Oxygen gas as a by-product.
Half of the water used as a hydrogen source is recycled
Dark Stage
Carbon dioxide and hydrogen are used to make carbohydrate.
The energy to drive this process comes from ATP.
An outline of the Biochemistry of Photosynthesis