
- •Carbohydrate
- •Minerals
- •Water: h2o
- •Mandatory Food Tests
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigation of Abiotic Factors (Three Mandatory Activities) Soil pH
- •Improper Trapping Techniques: all evasive species may not be captured and/or insufficient numbers captured in follow up surveying.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigation of Abiotic Factors (Three Mandatory Activities) Soil pH
- •Improper Trapping Techniques: all evasive species may not be captured and/or insufficient numbers captured in follow up surveying.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigation of Abiotic Factors (Three Mandatory Activities) Soil pH
- •Improper Trapping Techniques: all evasive species may not be captured and/or insufficient numbers captured in follow up surveying.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigation of Abiotic Factors (Three Mandatory Activities) Soil pH
- •Improper Trapping Techniques: all evasive species may not be captured and/or insufficient numbers captured in follow up surveying.
- •Cell Structure
- •36 Of the 38 atPs from one molecule of glucose are produced in the mitochondrion.
- •Cell Structure
- •36 Of the 38 atPs from one molecule of glucose are produced in the mitochondrion.
- •Cell Structure
- •36 Of the 38 atPs from one molecule of glucose are produced in the mitochondrion.
- •Active Site Theory
- •Bioprocessing
- •Immobilised enzymes are not free in solution – for example they cam be held in a bead of soft permeable gel or coat the internal surface of a porous solid.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigate the Effect of Heat Denaturation on the Activity of an Enzyme
- •Active Site Theory
- •Bioprocessing
- •Immobilised enzymes are not free in solution – for example they cam be held in a bead of soft permeable gel or coat the internal surface of a porous solid.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigate the Effect of Heat Denaturation on the Activity of an Enzyme
- •Active Site Theory
- •Bioprocessing
- •Immobilised enzymes are not free in solution – for example they cam be held in a bead of soft permeable gel or coat the internal surface of a porous solid.
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigate the Effect of Heat Denaturation on the Activity of an Enzyme
- •Photosynthesis
- •In the Dark Stage electrons from chlorophyll, protons from the pool and carbon dioxide react together forming carbohydrate
- •Detailed Description of Photosynthesis
- •In fermentation the glucose is only partially broken down. A lot of energy is still available in ethanol and lactic acid.
- •Aerobic Respiration of Glucose (6c)
- •Bioprocessing With Immobilised Cells
- •Mandatory Activity
- •Insert a ‘fermentation lock’ into each.
- •Osmosis
- •Introduction
- •Isolation of dna from Plant Tissue Textbook Diagram: dna isolation from plant tissue.
- •Vegetative Structure Textbook Diagram: vegetative structure.
- •Vegetative structure is haploid (n).
- •In favourable conditions the zygospore germinates by meiosis.
- •Precautions
- •View the incubated plates through the clear lid - never remove the lid.
- •Functions of Plant Parts
- •Its nucleus also controls the sieve element.
- •Immunity: protection against pathogens — blood clotting; phagocytes, lymphocytes and antibodies distributed in blood.
- •Valves in the veins prevent the backflow of blood so the flow is in one correct direction towards the heart.
- •The Heart
- •The Lymphatic System
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Investigate the effect of exercise on your heart rate
- •Identify the arteries – pulmonary connected to right ventricle, aorta to left ventricle.
- •Plant Growth Regulators
- •Plant Protection Adaptations
- •Mandatory Activity
- •Investigate the Effect of Auxin on Plant Tissue
- •Improved chance of success by reducing competition and overcrowding.
- •Seed Dormancy
- •Seed Germination
- •Stages of Seedling Growth
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Incubate all plates upside down for 3 days at 20°c.
- •Seed Dormancy
- •Seed Germination
- •Stages of Seedling Growth
- •Mandatory Activities
- •Incubate all plates upside down for 3 days at 20°c.
The aerobic steps of respiration occur here – Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport System.
36 Of the 38 atPs from one molecule of glucose are produced in the mitochondrion.
Liver, muscle and nerve cells are rich in mitochondria.
Bone and fat cells have low numbers of mitochondria.
Root hair cells and meristematic cells of plants have large numbers of mitochondria.
Stem and root ground tissue cells of plants are low in mitochondria.
Textbook Diagram: detail of mitochondria structure - for recognition purposes only.
Ribosomes:
Composed of RNA and protein.
Function in protein synthesis – translation of mRNA into a specific sequence of amino acids.
Chloroplast
Photosynthesis is the major function of the chloroplast.
The light stage takes place in the green internal membranes.
The dark stage occurs in liquid part of the chloroplast.
Starch may be stored in the chloroplast
Textbook Diagram: detail of chloroplast structure - for recognition purposes only. Large Plant Cell Vacuole
Storage of water, food (sugar, amino acids), ions, wastes.
Role in cell elongation during plant growth.
Plant Cell Wall
Composed of cellulose.
Permeable to water and solutes
Protects and supports plant cells.
Prevents plant cells bursting in more dilute solutions.
The middle lamella of pectin glues neighbouring plant cell walls together.
Structural role – it is the ‘plant skeleton’.
Prokaryotic Cell: no nucleus. Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane-bound organelles such as nuclei, mitochondria or chloroplasts. All prokaryotes are placed in the Kingdom Monera i.e. the bacteria.
Eukaryotic Cell: membrane-bound nucleus is present. Membrane-bound organelles such as nuclei, mitochondria and chloroplasts are only present in eukaryotic cells. The Protista, Fungi, Plants and Animals are eukaryotic organisms.
Enzymes
Proteins that function as biological catalysts are called enzymes.
Enzymes speed up specific metabolic reactions.
Low contamination, low temperature and fast metabolism are only possible with enzymes.
Metabolism is fast, with the product made to a high degree of purity.
General Properties
Catalysts
Protein
Specific
Reversible — can catalyse the reaction in both directions
Denatured by high temperature and change in pH
Rate of action affected by temperature and pH
Protein Nature of Enzymes
Composed of C, H, O and N. Sulphur (S) may also be present.
One or more polypetide chains - large number of linked amino acids.
Formed by the ribosomes – translation of mRNA during protein synthesis.
Denatured by high temperature and unfavourable pH.
Folded Shape of Enzymes
The polypeptide chains are folded into a particular three-dimensional shape.
The correct folded shape is essential for enzyme action.
The shape gives the enzyme special domains that function as active sites.
The compatible substrate molecules bind to the active site.
Different enzymes have a differently shaped active site.
Roles of Enzymes in Plants and Animals Enzymes catalyse all metabolic reactions.
Lower the activation energy – the energy input needed to bring about the reaction.
Regulate the thousands of different metabolic reactions in a cell and in the organism.
The activity of a cell is determined by which enzymes are active in the cell at that time.
Cell activity is altered by removing specific enzymes and/or synthesising new enzymes.