- •Introduction
- •Chapter 1: Theory of Interpretation
- •1.1. Background of interpretation theory (it)
- •1.2. First translation of the Bible as a milestone in the history of interpretation and the development of world civilization. A bit of later history of interpretation
- •1.3. Deciphering the inscriptions on the Rosetta stone
- •1.4. A brief history of interpretation in the 20th Century
- •Chapter 2: Interpretation and Contemporary Life
- •2.1. XX century as a “golden age” of interpretation
- •2.2. Conference interpreting, professional training and diplomatic interpretation in XX century
- •2.3. Stagnation in economy – boom of interpretation
- •2.4. Interpretation in the new millennium
- •2.5. The very beginning of simultaneous interpretation
- •Chapter 3: Problems of Translating Idioms
- •3.1. Knowing idioms is the way to speak like a native
- •3.2. Grammatical nature of idioms
- •3.3. Etymology of idioms
- •3.4. How to learn idioms and practice them
- •Chapter 4: Levels and Components of Interpretation. Interpreter’s Challenges. Conference Interpreting
- •4.1. Communication during two-way interpretation
- •I nterpreter
- •4.2. Two levels of interpretation
- •4.3. Triad of interpretation process
- •4.4. Specifics and situations in interpreting process
- •4.5. Factor of time
- •Chapter 5: Precision and Basis Information, Their Distinctions and Importance for Interpretation Adequacy
- •5.1. Constituents of precision and basis information
- •5.2. Rendering pi in the process of interpretation
- •5.3. Undesirable situations of two-way interpretation. Interpretation pitfalls and traps – how to avoid them
- •Chapter 6: Characteristic peculiarities of professional interpretation
- •6.1. Intellectual requirements
- •6.2. Requirements to interpretation adequacy
- •6.3. Memory and interpretation
- •Chapter 7: Analysis and Synthesis during Interpretation Process
- •7.1. Two stages of interpretation process
- •7.2. Understanding and extraction of meaningful units
- •7.3. Hearing and the types of noises
- •7.4. Guess and intuition
- •7.5. To see a speaker
- •7.6. Automatism of synthesis
- •7.7. Complicated is simpler
- •7.8. Interpretation typology
- •7.9. Constituents of training interpretation
- •7.10. Constituents of real interpretation and ways of achieving adequacy
- •7.11. Subtypes of professional interpretation
- •Chapter 8: Ability to Hear as the Basic Requirement to Understanding
- •8.1. Hearing
- •8.2. The language of the original speech
- •8.3. The country of the speaker
- •8.4. The case of the speaker who uses a foreign language
- •8.5. Accents
- •8.6. Provincialisms
- •8.7. Subject matter
- •8.8. General culture
- •Chapter 9: Basic Types of Professional Two-way Interpretation (pti)
- •9.1. Dialogue translation
- •9.2. Informal two-way interpretation without note-making
- •9.3. Official two-way interpreting without note-taking (Liaison formal interpreting)
- •9.5. Consecutive discourse interpreting
- •Chapter 10: Combined Types of Interpretation
- •10.1. Sight translation
- •10.2. Sight translation with the help of dictaphone
- •10.3. Cinema/video/tv-translation
- •10.4. Cinema/video/tv-translation without preparation
- •10.5. Cinema/video/tv-translation with preliminary preparation
- •Chapter 11: Specialized Interpretation
- •11.1. Details of working in different spheres of professional communication
- •11.2. Forms of initial voice information (for all genres)
- •11.3. General-political informational (diplomatic) discourse/dialogue interpreting
- •11.4. Phraseology in interpretation
- •Chapter 12: Specialized Interpretation (Continued)
- •12.1. Scientific and technical translation (performances, seminars, lectures, reports)
- •12.2. Special terminological abbreviations
- •12.3. Scientific-popular translation (lecture, conversation, etc.)
- •Chapter 13: Specialized Interpretation (Continued)
- •13.1. Judicial two-way interpreting
- •13.2. Sermon (religious genre)
- •13.3. Art criticism genre (lecture, excursion, report)
- •Chapter 14: Language, Speech and Presentation Skills
- •14.1. Culture of language and speech
- •14.2. Culture of language and general culture
- •14.3. Literary language norm
- •14.4. External culture of speech in the process of interpretation
- •14.5. Some recommendations
- •14.6. Typical mistakes in the process of interpretation
- •14.7. Interpretation Traps. Pitfalls and gaffes in grammar, style and lexis
- •14.8. Paradoxical mistakes. Paralysis by analysis
- •Chapter 15: Theory of Interpreter’s Note-Taking
- •15.1. General ideas
- •15.2. Type of notes
- •15.3. Logical analysis
- •15.4. Language of the notes
- •15.5. Symbols and Abbreviations
- •Chapter 16: Theory of Interpreter’s Note-Taking (Continued)
- •16.1. Interrelation of ideas
- •16.2. Preparation
- •16.3. Rearrangement of the speech
- •16.4. Poetry
- •Список літератури
12.3. Scientific-popular translation (lecture, conversation, etc.)
Scientific-popular text, usually, is easier to translate, than a scientific one: syntactic structures are easier, however the communicative task is more complex, and consequently to inform and captivate the audience by this information, a greater variety of means is necessary.
Scientific-popular text contains a great number of cognitive information, and by a range of means, the information is rendered by, reminds a scientific text. At the same time a number of differences exist:
1. The number of terms scientific-popular text is much less, however, most of the words belong here to general scientific style.
2. Information density is lower, than in a scientific text.
3. The means providing objectivity of a statement: passive constructions, indefinite-personal and impersonal sentences, absolute present, – are used in much smaller volume.
4. The background of neutral written literary norm is also presented, but its borders are blurred, and deviations, especially towards spoken language, are numerous.
In a scientific-popular text, in comparison with a scientific one, special devices, aiming at winning readers’ interest, appear, these are:
1. Special devices creating effect of closest approach to the audience: narration from the first person; colloquial and even colloquial-vernacular lexicon; direct addressing to the audience, rhetorical questions of different kind, examples, humor.
2. Emotional-evaluative devices: lexicon with emotional-evaluative connotation, inversions, emphasizing evaluative components of a sentence, etc.
3. Inclusion of citations from other sources contrasting with the popular scientific text in typological attributes, in the text; fragments from works of art, articles, etc.
4. Phrasal units and figurative clichés, which fulfill the function, similar to their function in mass-media, – they facilitate content perception, including habitual figurative devices into the plot; deformations of phrasal units.
5. Collision of incompatible language devices to create the effect of unexpectedness or ironical coloring. The effect of unexpectedness allows concentrating attention on the main point; irony serves as means of emotional discharge in perceiving complicated material.
Means of rendering aesthetic information are diverse and borrowed first of all from the arsenal of fiction: input of conditional invented characters, use of epithets, comparisons and metaphors, in particular.
Conclusions: Dominating in translating scientific-popular speeches are the means, providing adapted presentation of cognitive information and maintaining interest in it: terms and lexicon of general scientific description which is rendered by mono-semantic equivalents and variant correspondences; passive constructions, impersonal and indefinite-personal sentences (it is not recommended to increase their number in translating, considering, that in Ukrainian and Russian their frequency in any text is lower). Colloquial, emotional-evaluative lexicon, emotional inversions, rhetorical questions, phrasal units and clichés are rendered by functionally corresponding means. Collision of incompatible language means is not necessarily rendered by preserving specific features, nut it is desirable to keep the principle of incompatibility causing adequate reaction of listeners.