IV. Sections: The conduct of war (General concepts, Disposition of troops, Fighting a battle, Offence, Victory and defeat, Defence, Retreat)

1. Match the words and phrases in List A with those in List B. Learn these lexical units.

List A

List B

to fight / wage a battle close combat fierce fighting to get into combat hand-to-hand combat / fighting to be listed as killed in action to be reported missing in action to fight against / with sb to fight on two fronts to fight to the end to impose martial law to lift a curfew to deploy troops defensive position offensive position to take up a position to capture a position to break through the lines on / in a battlefield on the home front to clash (with / against sb) to pinpoint a target to fire a rifle (at sb / sth) to shoot sb point-blank to nuke a city

a. засекать цель b. занимать позицию c. прорвать оборону d. наступательная позиция e. стрелять из винтовки f. вступать в вооруженное столкновение g. застрелить в упор h. вести бой i. нанести ядерный удар по городу j. жестокое сражение k. в тылу l. рукопашный бой m. числиться пропавшим без вести n. воевать на два фронта o. ввести военное положение p. развертывать войска q. оборонительная позиция r. отменить комендантский час s. сражаться до конца t. воевать против кого-л. u. числиться погибшим в бою v. вступить в бой w. занять / захватить позицию x. ближний бой y. поле боя

2. Match the words and phrases in List A with those in List B. Learn these lexical units.

List A

List B

to shell (a position) to target missiles (on / at sth) to target civilians to take aim (at sb / sth) clash skirmish to open fire (on sb / sth) to be / come under fire to fire in short bursts preliminary bombardment shelling military target to hit a target pinpoint accuracy to advance on sth / against sb to storm a building to strike (at / against sb / sth) to launch an attack (on / against sb / sth) to carry out an attack (on / against sb / sth) to withstand an attack to repel an attack to be / come under attack to take the offensive to make a raid (on / against sb / sth) to launch / carry out a strike (against / on sb / sth) to capture (a position)

a. поразить цель b. совершить рейд c. штурмовать здание d. захватывать, завладевать e. начинать атаку f. подвергаться нападению g. отражать атаку / нападение h. перейти в наступление i. нацеливать ракеты j. наступать, идти в наступление k. прицеливаться l. перестрелка m. наносить удар n. подвергаться обстрелу o. наступать на что-л. / кого-л. p. артиллерийская подготовка q. военная цель r. артиллерийский обстрел s. стрелять короткими очередями t. открывать огонь u. вооруженное столкновение v. выбирать в качестве цели гражданское население w. обстреливать из артиллерийских орудий x. наносить удар y. сдержать наступление, устоять z. высокая точность

3. Match the words and phrases in List A with those in List B. Learn these lexical units.

List A

List B

to surround sb to seal sb / sth off to inflict (a) defeat on sb to suffer (a) defeat (at sb's hands) to put sb to rout to mop sb / sth up to surrender (to sb) to win a victory outright / resounding victory to be on the defensive to retaliate (against sb / sth) to besiege a port to reduce defence spending to strengthen one's defences to put up resistance (to sb) to meet with resistance to break down / crush resistance armed resistance to impose a blockade (on sth) to lift the blockade (of sth) fallout shelter dugout trench to withdraw troops (from sth) to carry out a retreat to be in full retreat

a. отступать, отходить b. окоп, траншея c. устанавливать блокаду d. сломить сопротивление e. встречать сопротивление f. убежище от радиоактивных осадков g. оцепить, блокировать h. потерпеть поражение i. отступать по всему фронту j. уничтожать; производить зачистку местности k. блиндаж; землянка; укрытие l. одержать победу m. отводить / выводить войска n. обороняться, защищаться o. блокировать / осаждать порт p. укреплять обороноспособность q. сокращать расходы на оборону r. наносить ответный удар s. безоговорочная победа t. сдаваться; капитулировать u. разбить наголову; обратить в бегство v. нанести поражение w. окружать x. вооруженное сопротивление y. снимать блокаду z. оказывать сопротивление

4. Give synonyms for the following words and phrases.

fierce (fighting), to get into (combat), to be reported (missing in action), (to fight) to the end, to impose (martial law), to take up (a position), to capture (a position), on / in (a battlefield), to fire (a rifle), to shoot down (an aircraft), to target (missiles), to hit (a target), to launch (an attack), to carry out (an attack), to withstand (an attack), to repel (an attack), to take (the offensive), to make (a raid), to seal sb / sth off, to put sb to rout, to mop sb / sth up, to surrender, to win (a victory), outright / resounding (victory), to reduce (defence spending), to put up (resistance), to meet with (resistance), to break down / crush (resistance), to impose a blockade, to withdraw (troops), to carry out (a retreat), to attack

5. Suggest words and expressions that correspond to the following definitions.

1. the activities and living conditions of the people who stay at home during a war

2. the back part of an army, fleet, etc

3. to find or discover the exact position of something

4. work that is done during a war, usually by people who are not fighting but are doing other things to help their country keep fighting

5. a position on the right or left side of an army, or the people in that position

6. someone who fights in a war

7. to attack a place by firing guns at it for a long time or dropping a lot of bombs on it

8. a law that does not allow people to go outside between a particular time in the evening and a particular time in the morning, especially during a war or a period of political trouble, or the period of time during which people must not go outside according to a curfew law

9. to intend or try to attack someone or something

10. the organization or movement of soldiers, military equipment etc so that they are in the right place and ready to be used

11. a place where a battle is being fought or has been fought

12. a temporary system of rules to deal with an extremely dangerous or difficult situation, especially when this involves limiting people's freedom

13. to attack an enemy with nuclear weapons

14. the area where two armies face each other and fight during a war

15. someone who is not in the army, navy etc during a war

16. a situation in which the army controls an area instead of the police, especially because of fighting against the government; direct military government, by which ordinary law is suspended, for example during a rebellion

17. a fight between opposing armies, groups of ships, groups of people etc, especially one that is part of a larger war

18. to shoot at people from a hidden position

6. Suggest words and expressions that correspond to the following definitions.

1. an object, person, or place that is deliberately chosen to be attacked

2. to cause a weapon to shoot bullets or arrows

3. a sudden brief military attack, especially by missiles or planes dropping bombs

4. to send a missile or spacecraft into the air or into space

5. to get control of a place or object that previously belonged to an enemy by fighting for it, during a war

6. a short fight between two armies or groups

7. a violent military attack to take control of a place controlled by the enemy

8. a lot of shots from guns fired at the same time

9. to (cause to) advance, often with difficulty

10. a continuous attack on a place by big guns and bombs

11. someone who is good at shooting

12. the use of bombs to attack a place

13. a short fight between small groups of soldiers, ships etc, which is usually not planned, especially one that happens away from the main part of a battle

14. to fire quickly and continuously, making a lot of noise

15. to start using weapons to try to defeat an enemy

16. to make an enemy plane crash to the ground, by firing weapons at it

17. to cause a weapon to shoot bullets or missiles

18. to attack someone or something by running very fast towards them

7. Suggest words and expressions that correspond to the following definitions.

1. the act of getting past or through something that is in your way

2. to go around the side of a group of enemies during a battle and attack them from the side or from behind

3. an organization that secretly fights against an enemy that controls their country

4. a small hole dug in the ground which is used by a small group of soldiers as a base for firing at the enemy and as a protection against enemy attack and fire

5. the act of moving an army, weapons etc away from the area where they were fighting

6. to defeat an enemy completely and force them to run away

7. a movement away from the enemy after a defeat in battle or because of the danger of defeat

8. the act of saying officially that you want to stop fighting or to stop avoiding the police, government etc because you realize that you cannot win

9. too strong to be destroyed or defeated

10. to do something bad to someone because they have done something bad to you

11. to surround an area by soldiers or ships to stop people or supplies leaving or entering

12. to oppose or fight against someone or something

13. the success you achieve when you win a battle, election, game etc

14. to deal with the remaining members of a defeated army by killing them or making them prisoners

15. to move closer to someone or something, especially in order to attack or surround them

16. all the armed forces, weapons, structures etc that are available to defend a place

17. to surround someone or something completely

18. a building or position which is strongly defended

8. Explain the meaning of the words and phrases listed below.

house-to-house fighting, hand-to-hand combat, missing in action, war effort, non-combatant, home front, the rear, to be bombed out, to be in the line of fire, precision bombing, carpet / saturation bombing, pinpoint accuracy, to press forward, pre-emptive strike, Pyrrhic victory

9. Match the words in List A with those in List B to form phrases.

List A	List B
fighting to be reported to wage to place sth to deploy to hold to break through to bring up to fire to launch to take to open precision to come to hit pinpoint to press to hold out pre-emptive to put sb unconditional defence Pyrrhic to put down to lift to sound	a. resistance b. strike c. the retreat d. against an onslaught e. victory f. accuracy g. cuts h. missing in action i. to rout j. under curfew k. the siege l. under bombardment m. the rear n. a missile o. fire on sb p. a position q. bombing r. aim s. on the crowd t. the lines u. troops v. a battle w. breaks out x. a target y. an advance z. surrender

10. Fill the gaps in the sentences with prepositions or adverbial particles if necessary.

1. Napoleon was defeated by the Duke of Wellington ….. the battle of Waterloo.

2. Neither side was particularly willing to enter ….. serious combat.

3. The soldiers were engaged ….. hand-to-hand combat.

4. Since then, the rebels and the armed forces of Sierra Leone have been locked ….. combat.

5. The men were sent ….. action with little or no training.

6. He was never finally listed ….. killed or missing in action.

7. He was reported ….. missing in action.

8. Great Britain fought ….. Turkey ….. Russia.

9. The French had no desire to fight ….. the British.

10. As no man can serve two masters we had long been told no wise general tries to fight ….. two fronts.

11. The soldiers battled ….. the opposing army all day.

12. Enemy planes engaged ….. the troops as they advanced into the mountains.

13. The university has been ….. curfew for months.

14. Troops opened fire ….. the demonstrators.

15. We can only hold ….. for a few more hours.

16. Paratroopers were dropped ….. enemy lines to capture key points on the roads into the city.

17. The film is set ….. the home front in 1943.

18. She disguised herself as a man so she could fight ….. the battlefield.

19. The column was attacked ….. the rear.

20. We were attacked ….. our left flank.

21. More than 3000 demonstrators clashed ….. police on Sunday.

22. Jed lifted his rifle and fired ….. the target.

11. Fill the gaps in the sentences with prepositions or adverbial particles if necessary.

1. The man was shot ….. the head as he left the bar.

2. Armed officers had instructions to shoot the kidnapper ….. sight.

3. He was killed during the war when his plane was shot ….. .

4. Half the town was bombed ….. ….. their homes in the raid.

5. The complaint against them is that they supplied the troops around Sarajevo who shelled and sniped ….. civilians.

6. The missiles were targeted ….. the enemy capital.

7. There are hundreds of nuclear missiles aimed ….. the main cities.

8. She took aim ….. the sniper, but his roof collapsed under him, dropping him into the fire.

9. Local officials said a curfew had been imposed ….. the area.

10. The city came ….. fire from anti-government forces last night.

11. A couple of civilians were caught ….. the firing line.

12. Students cowered in classrooms as the gun shots rang ….. .

13. The capital is still ….. constant bombardment by the rebel forces.

14. The enemy advanced ….. Rome, and at last conquered it.

15. Our army succeeded in thrusting ….. ….. new positions formerly held by the enemy.

16. He is unlikely to send ….. the army to quell nationalist aspirations.

17. Fighter bombers struck ….. the presidential palace.

18. Grant launched an all-out attack ….. these defences during the gusty, rainy, and misty dawn of May 12.

19. They tried to create the impression that they were ….. the offensive.

20. The offensive ….. whites has not taken the heat off Mr Mugabe.

21. The West African forces went ….. the offensive in response to attacks ….. them.

22. The rebels attempted a surprise raid ….. a military camp.

12. Fill the gaps in the sentences with prepositions or adverbial particles if necessary.

1. The soldiers made nightly forays ….. enemy territory.

2. The violence is unlikely to stop without military strikes ….. terrorist bases.

3. Enemy soldiers were closing ….. ….. them from all sides.

4. Police and troops sealed ….. the area after the attack.

5. Leave a few men behind to clean ….. the last of the enemy positions.

6. The government has said all along that it will never give ….. ….. terrorist threats.

7. The gunman gave himself ….. ….. the police.

8. The army prepared to defend the nation ….. attack by the enemy.

9. The army drove ….. the enemy with much effort and loss of life.

10. The village was placed ….. curfew.

11. The army began to retaliate ….. the civilian population.

12. The enemy's defences were strong but our soldiers broke ….. .

13. Defence spending has risen ….. 10% in the current budget.

14. The government was committed ….. further major reductions ….. defence spending.

15. In the end the Kurds surrendered without putting ….. any resistance.

16. This action was undoubtedly ….. retaliation ….. last week's bomb attack.

17. The journalists found a city virtually ….. siege.

18. In June 1176 King Richard laid siege ….. Limoges.

19. An economic blockade was imposed ….. the country six months ago.

20. Troops retreated ….. disarray ….. heavy gunfire.

21. The militia in Lebanon has agreed to pull ….. ….. Beirut.

22. Enemy soldiers are now ….. retreat.

13. Choose the word or phrase (from the list) that best completes each of the sentences below. Change the grammatical form of the word or phrase if necessary.

onslaught, to rage, missing in action, to fight, to struggle, to declare, military action, to deploy, war effort, to position, deployment, to announce, to take up, front line, to fire, to lift, to clash, to pinpoint, battle, to shoot, in combat,

1. Vietnam lost about one million people ….. .

2. Fierce fighting ….. for several days.

3. The United States threatened ….. against Iraq.

4. 530 servicemen were reported ….. .

5. The Boers ….. the British at this time.

6. He says that Churchill had told them they could be proud to have mined coal for the ….. .

7. Gorbachev threatened ….. a state of emergency throughout Moldavia.

8. In mid-1990, martial law ….. but the security clampdown remains currently in force.

9. The UN plans ….. 500 troops to ensure the safe delivery of food and other supplies.

10. The team went behind enemy lines ….. the exact locations of missile launchers.

11. The French generals ….. thousands of troops along the border.

12. The General's visit to Sarajevo is part of preparations for the ….. of extra troops.

13. The troops ….. their battle positions at the front line.

14. Seventeen people were killed when security forces ….. on demonstrators.

15. Iranian and Iraqi troops ….. on the border.

14. Choose the word or phrase (from the list) that best completes each of the sentences below. Change the grammatical form of the word or phrase if necessary.

front line, clash, to shoot, to hit, to down, to shell, burst, to launch, to station, bombing, to fall, to bomb, to target, to kill, to aim, attack, to blaze away, advance, bombardment, to deploy, fighting

1. The decision has been made ….. more powerful weapons.

2. So where is the ….. in a war like that?

3. The soldiers had orders to shoot ….. .

4. He claimed the rebels ….. 35 government aircraft.

5. The missiles ….. against enemy targets.

6. The captain ordered the men ….. at the enemy.

7. NATO warplanes ….. a dozen towns on Thursday.

8. The Germans began their ….. of Paris in early 1870.

9. The soldiers ….. on the enemy.

10. In 23 attacks, the terrorists ….. military bases.

11. Ten soldiers were wounded in a ….. with the rebels.

12. The ship ….. by fire from a German plane.

13. The vast base was vulnerable to nuclear ….. .

14. They fired in long ….. , which depleted their ammunition.

15. He remembers when schools were closed for fear of catastrophic ….. raids in wartime Edinburgh.

15. Choose the word or phrase (from the list) that best completes each of the sentences below. Change the grammatical form of the word or phrase if necessary.

to launch, to hit, to bomb, to strike, to shoot, offensive, to outflank, to ride out, rout, to advance, to make, to raid, to break through, to fire, attack, to shell, to bombard, to miss, capture, civilian

1. Rebel artillery units regularly ….. the airport.

2. The GIA continued its attacks on ….. targets.

3. The missiles can ….. targets with pinpoint accuracy.

4. The army slowly ….. across the frozen tundra.

5. British warships began ….. German positions along the coast.

6. Vikings ….. settlements on the east coast.

7. Terrorists were able ….. in one country then flee to another.

8. The shooting happened while the man was trying to evade ….. by the security forces.

9. It was also important to demonstrate the ability of nuclear forces ….. a surprise attack.

10. The police ….. two shots at the suspects before they surrendered.

11. On March 30, 1972, Hanoi ….. its own major offensive across the demilitarized zone.

12. One after another the Italian bases in the desert fell as the retreat turned into ….. .

13. These base camps were used by the PKK guerrillas ….. forays into Turkey.

14. To the west, the army ….. by a huge number of British forces.

16. Choose the word or phrase (from the list) that best completes each of the sentences below. Change the grammatical form of the word or phrase if necessary.

offensive, to shelter, to withstand, to appear, to defend, defensive,to clash with, to resist, to repel, pull-out, to mop up, to besiege, to put up, to withdraw, to hold out, to emerge, to protect, to retaliate, to cause, to leave

1. It took a week ….. the last of the enemy soldiers.

2. It is unlikely that his forces could ….. an allied onslaught for very long.

3. We were confident that the Allies would ….. victorious.

4. Thousands of young men came forward, willing ….. their country.

5. The city ….. the enemy onslaught for two weeks.

6. Guerrilla fighters were soon able ….. the army's attack.

7. In those impregnable mountains, the guerrillas could ….. for years.

8. Local people risked their own lives …. resistance fighters from the army.

9. Militant students hurled firebombs and riot police ….. with tear gas.

10. The capital ….. by the opposition militia for two months now.

11. The rebels ….. fierce resistance with small arms and rocket-propelled grenades.

12. These are purely ….. weapons, not designed for attack.

13. Troops ….. from the north of the country last March.

14. The ….. of the army paves the way for independence.

17. Translate these sentences. Give synonymous translations if possible.

1. Генерал считал, что в сложившейся обстановке нельзя ввязываться в бой с превосходящими силами противника.

2. Его дивизия умело ведет бой на этом участке фронта.

3. Он погиб в битве за Москву.

4. Ожесточенная битва продолжается уже третьи сутки.

5. Пять человек из его батальона считаются пропавшими без вести.

6. Представители США полагали, что необходимо интенсифицировать боевые действия против диктаторского режима.

7. Он принимал участие в боевых действиях во Вьетнаме.

8. Великобритания воюет на стороне США против Ирака.

9. Ни одна из воюющих сторон не хочет воевать на два фронта.

10. Комендантский час был введен в городе два месяца назад и будет отменен в течение ближайшей недели.

11. По сообщениям СМИ, в стране действует военное положение.

12. Правительство планирует разместить дополнительные войска для поддержания мира в неспокойном регионе.

13. Их представитель в ООН заявил, что недопустимо развертывание ракет среднего радиуса действия в этом регионе.

14. Наши войска заняли боевые позиции на линии фронта.

15. Им удалось прорвать оборону противника с большим трудом.

16. Взвод парашютистов-десантников был сброшен в тылу противника для захвата ключевых пунктов на дорогах, ведущих в город.

17. В то время наблюдатели отмечали высокий боевой дух как на фронте, так и в тылу.

18. Многие солдаты совершали подвиги на поле боя.

19. Войска противоборствующих сторон вступили в вооруженное столкновение на границе.

20. Нам удалось засечь важные военные цели на территории противника.

21. Все зенитные орудия вели огонь по обнаруженным самолетам противника.

18. Translate these sentences. Give synonymous translations if possible.

1. Его подразделение сбило несколько вражеских самолетов.

2. Баллистические ракеты обеих сверхдержав были нацелены на основные промышленные центры друг друга, но ни одна ракета так и не была запущена против какой-либо из этих цели.

3. Самолеты НАТО подвергли бомбардировке основные военные и промышленные объекты на территории Югославии.

4. В результате бомбардировки почти все жители деревни остались без крова.

5. Город подвергался артиллерийскому обстрелу в течение нескольких недель.

6. Террористы выбирают в качестве цели невинных, беззащитных людей.

7. В результате перестрелки на границе несколько человек получили ранения.

8. В столкновении с боевиками погиб один солдат подразделения специального назначения.

9. Войска открыли огонь по безоружным демонстрантам.

10. Его подразделение подверглось обстрелу со стороны боевиков.

11. Полицейские получили приказ стрелять на поражение.

12. Командир приказал солдатам стрелять короткими очередями.

13. Ракета поразила цель, находившуюся за тысячи километров от пусковой установки.

14. Ракета прошла мимо цели.

15. Наши войска наступают на опорный пункт противника.

16. Войскам специального назначения был отдан приказ начать штурм задания, в котором террористы удерживали заложников.

17. На рассвете его батальон предпринял атаку на оборонительные позиции противника.

18. Город вновь подвергся нападению вражеской авиации.

19. В течение двух дней они сдерживали наступление врага.

20. Войска были размещены в этом районе с целью отражения возможного наступления противника.

21. Его взвод совершил вылазку в тыл противника.

19. Translate these sentences. Give synonymous translations if possible.

1. Президент пригрозил, что его страна нанесет упреждающий ядерный удар по военным целям на территории противника.

2. Боевикам удалось окружить и захватить аэропорт.

3. Полиция оцепила район, в котором произошел захват заложников.

4. Его армия была разбита наголову.

5. Нам осталось ликвидировать отдельные очаги сопротивления противника.

6. Когда боевики поняли, что они окружены, они решили сдаться правительственным войскам.

7. Войска противника потерпели сокрушительное поражение.

8. Нам надо нанести противнику сокрушительное поражение.

9. Мы одержали победу над врагом, который казался непобедимым.

10. Вооруженные силы должны защищать страну от внешних и внутренних врагов.

11. Президент заявил, что вооруженные силы его страны нанесут ответный удар любому агрессору.

12. Правительство собирается сократить на 5% расходы на оборону.

13. Сокращение в этом году расходов на оборону на 3% маловероятно.

14. Президент должен обеспечить укрепление обороноспособности государства.

15. Противник оказывал яростное сопротивление наступающим частям нашей армии.

16. Наша армия встретила упорное сопротивление со стороны противника.

17. Нам необходимо в кратчайшие сроки сломить сопротивление противника.

18. Кто должен принимать решение об установлении и снятии блокады той или иной страны?

19. Израиль должен вывести свои войска со всех оккупированных им арабских территорий.

20. Войска отступали в организованном порядке.

21. Войска отступали по всему фронту.