II. Sections: Conquest, Captivity, Troops, Military service, War attitudes, Morale

1. Match the words and phrases in List A with those in List B. Learn these lexical units.

List A

List B

to conquer sth / sb to invade sth to launch an invasion (of / into sth) to repel an invasion to seek refuge (in sth / from sth) to take refuge (in sth / from sth) displaced person refugee prisoner of war to take sb prisoner to hold sb hostage / as a hostage to release a hostage concentration camp to keep sb in captivity to release sb from captivity troops to deploy troops to withdraw troops the armed forces the military conscript army professional army to recruit an army to disband an army ground forces navy

a. сухопутные войска b. освободить из плена / неволи c. формировать армию d. военные, военнослужащие e. войска f. развертывать / дислоцировать войска g. распускать армию h. армия, комплектуемая на основе призыва i. вторгаться; оккупировать j. отразить нашествие / агрессию k. военно-морские силы l. находить убежище m. беженец n. взять в плен o. вооруженные силы p. военнопленный q. освободить заложника r. держать в плену / неволе s. концентрационный лагерь t. держать в заложниках u. перемещенное лицо v. искать убежище w. совершить вторжение / агрессию x. завоевывать, покорять y. выводить / отводить войска z. профессиональная армия

2. Match the words and phrases in List A with those in List B. Learn these lexical units.

List A

List B

air force to serve in the armed forces to join the army infantry artillery armoured forces airborne troops paratrooper commando special forces the marines to station to set up a base to carry out a mission to fly a sortie heavy / serious casualties to cause casualties to suffer casualties to take military action compulsory military service to do military service to avoid military service to abolish compulsory military service to exempt sb from military service to be exempt from military service

a. выполнять (боевое) задание b. проходить военную службу c. тяжелые / серьезные потери d. не подлежать призыву на военную службу e. нести потери f. военно-воздушные силы g. освобождать от военной службы h. предпринимать военные действия i. уклоняться от призыва на военную службу j. служить в вооруженных силах k. пехота l. отменять обязательную военную службу m. бронетанковые войска n. войска специального назначения o. размещать (войска) p. парашютист-десантник q. создать / построить базу r. воздушно-десантные войска s. боец отряда специального назначения t. морская пехота u. артиллерия v. идти в армию w. наносить потери x. совершать боевой вылет y. обязательная военная служба

3. Match the words and phrases in List A with those in List B. Learn these lexical units.

List A

List B

alternative to military service deferment (of military service) to conscript sb to sign up for the armed forces to volunteer for the armed forces conscription to demonstrate loyalty (to / towards sb / sth) to take an oath of allegiance (to sb / sth) sabre-rattling hawk to introduce conscription to abolish conscription recruiting centre / office call-up papers draft dodger jingoistic belligerent nations to boost morale to maintain morale to destroy morale to perform a heroic deed to sell out to the enemy to commit high treason bullying dove

a. совершать подвиг b. бряцание оружием; угрозы c. выказывать преданность d. сторонник мира e. совершать государственную измену f. призывной пункт g. лицо, уклоняющееся от призыва на военную службу h. подрывать боевой дух i. дедовщина j. отсрочка (от военной службы) k. поступать на военную службу l. шовинистический, ура-патриотический m. поднимать боевой дух n. обязательная военная служба o. давать воинскую присягу p. вводить обязательную военную службу q. продаться врагу r. повестка о явке на призывной пункт s. отменять обязательную военную службу t. милитарист, сторонник жесткого курса (в политике) u. поступать (добровольцем) на военную службу v. призывать на военную службу w. альтернативная военная служба x. воюющие государства y. поддерживать боевой дух

4. Give synonyms for the following words and phrases.

to launch (an invasion), to repel (an invasion), to release (a hostage), to withdraw (troops), the armed forces, to recruit (an army), ground (forces), to join (the army), to carry out (a mission), to fly (a sortie), heavy / serious (casualties), to cause (casualties), to suffer (casualties), military (service), to avoid (military service), to abolish (compulsory military service), to sign up (for the armed forces), to take (an oath of allegiance), hawk, jingoistic, belligerent (nations), to boost (morale), to maintain (morale), to destroy (morale), bullying, to conscript sb

5. Suggest words and expressions that correspond to the following definitions.

1. to send someone to another place for duty in the armed forces

2. a short flight made by a plane over enemy land, in order to bomb a city, military defences etc

3. an occasion when the army of one country enters another country by force, in order to take control of it

4. a member of a small group of soldiers who are specially trained to make quick attacks into enemy areas which are particularly dangerous or difficult to attack

5. an important job, usually a military one, that someone is sent somewhere to do, especially an attack on the enemy

6. a place where people who have been forced to leave their country, especially during a war, can live, usually in bad conditions and only expecting to stay for a limited time

7. soldiers in an organized group

8. someone who is kept as a prisoner by an enemy so that the other side will do what the enemy demands

9. to put someone in prison without a trial, for political or military reasons, especially during a war

10. to force someone to leave heir own country and live somewhere else

11. to defeat an enemy completely

12. someone who is hurt or killed in an accident or military action

6. Suggest words and expressions that correspond to the following definitions.

1. an attitude that shows you think you will fail

2. strong feelings of love, respect, pride and duty towards their country and the willingness to defend it (used to show approval)

3. to make someone join the armed forces

4. very unfriendly and wanting to argue or fight

5. the act of avoiding an order to join the armed forces

6. the crime of being disloyal to your country or its government, especially by helping its enemies or trying to remove the government using violence

7. someone who is completely untrained

8. someone who illegally avoids joining the armed forces even though they have been ordered to join

9. someone who has been made to join the armed forces

10. to join the armed forces

11. the system of making every adult, or every male adult, serve in the armed forces for a limited period of time

12. showing strong dislike or fear of people from other countries and cultures

7. Explain the meaning of the words and phrases listed below.

displaced person, internment, concentration camp, allied forces, to deploy troops, to commit troops, special forces, the marines, to exempt sb from national service, enlist sb in the army, recruitment, enlistment period, to switch allegiance (to sb), divided / mixed loyalties, warmonger, heroic / wartime exploit, to sell sb out, high treason, hazing

8. Match the words in List A with those in List B to form phrases.

List A	List B
to mount to seek displaced prisoner to free to escape rebel to deploy troops conscript to fly casualty to inflict losses to sustain to evade to conscript sb to enlist as call-up draft to renounce fighting to lift to sell out high	a. treason b. dodger c. spirit d. a private e. an invasion f. your principles g. papers h. morale i. military service j. person k. a prisoner l. forces m. pull out of a region n. a mission o. casualties p. on sb q. figures r. army s. troops t. from captivity u. of war v. refuge w. into the army x. allegiance

9. Fill the gaps in the sentences with prepositions or adverbial particles if necessary.

1. The rebels launched their invasion ….. the Mutara region in the north.

2. Residents took refuge ….. the bombing ….. the local church.

3. They are prepared to hand back a hundred prisoners ….. war a day ….. a sign of good will.

4. He was held ….. captivity for over a year.

5. Wilson was released ….. captivity just before the end of the war.

6. The rebels blamed the massacre ….. the government troops.

7. Troops ….. the vicinity were put ….. alert.

8. Troops began pulling ….. ….. the region as soon as the order was given.

9. Her own son was also ….. the Navy.

10. They had some Lewes bombs, but no detonators, and thus could not carry ….. their mission.

11. He was sent ….. over 200 missions before being killed ….. action.

12. But Middleton received enormous damage ….. that last sortie which ultimately proved fatal.

13. A small group of rebels inflicted heavy casualties ….. the government forces.

14. They volunteered ….. military service prior ….. age 18.

15. If you join the army you have to sign ….. ….. at least three years.

16. He was accused ….. treason ….. the nation.

10. Fill the gaps in the sentences with prepositions or adverbial particles if necessary.

1. Many men sign ….. ….. the army because they can't find ordinary jobs.

2. He enlisted ….. a volunteer.

3. The Ministry of Defence served call-up papers ….. 390 army reservists.

4. He was commissioned ….. the Royal Engineers.

5. They swore allegiance ….. the government.

6. If Henry failed to abide ….. these terms his barons were to transfer their allegiance ….. Philip and Richard.

7. I do accept that occasionally it's necessary to promote a volunteer in order to keep ….. morale in the ranks.

8. They were awarded ….. medals ….. their bravery.

9. The young soldier was decorated ….. the Military Cross.

10. The country has sold ….. its principles in yielding ….. the demands of a small but powerful group.

11. After a furious argument during which he accused the prime minister ….. treachery, he announced that he would resign his Cabinet position.

12. When hostilities broke ..... he returned to England and joined ….. .

13. William Joyce was convicted ….. treason ….. the grand scale.

14. He didn’t turn ….. traitor ….. the King.

15. No military general would willingly send his army ….. battle untrained and ill-prepared, no matter how well-equipped.

11. Choose the word or phrase (from the list) that best completes each of the sentences below. Change the grammatical form of the word or phrase if necessary.

patriotism, to join, prisoner of war, to deploy, military, to displace, to seek refuge, to fly, to enlist, to send, to overwhelm, militarism, to move, to complete, conquest, internment, to withdraw, imprisonment, to invade, hostage

1. They backed off that time, but a few days later they tried ….. the island.

2. Henry wanted nothing less than military ….. .

3. An estimated 500,000 refugees ….. by the civil war.

4. The region around Chimoio is swollen by 400,000 people who ….. from the civil war.

5. When war broke out he had to endure four months' ….. as an enemy alien.

6. The ceasefire resolution calls for the release of all ….. .

7. Two families were taken ….. to force the managers of a bank to hand over £96,000.

8. Following the incident the government of the Solomon Islands ….. additional troops in the Shortland Islands.

9. Both countries ….. their forces from the area.

10. The ….. took over when police were unable to stop the rioting.

11. Bruce ….. the navy straight out of high school.

12. It was argued on the Left that wars were caused by the search for profits, by imperialism, by ….. .

13. Your objective is ….. your mission and return to base in one piece.

14. The enemy generally ….. very few sorties at night.

12. Choose the word or phrase (from the list) that best completes each of the sentences below. Change the grammatical form of the word or phrase if necessary.

to undermine, military service, troops,to rescue, to carry out, sell-out, peace settlement, attack, to fly, military action, to station, accusation, to raise, charge, to cause, to inflict, to overrun, to disband, to post, refugee

1. A group of rebels ….. the port area and most of the northern suburbs.

2. A navy warship was also on its way to the area to help evacuate ….. .

3. President Carter displayed considerable restraint in the crisis until an attempt was made in April 1980 ….. the hostages by force.

4. The next phase of the operation will involve the deployment of more than 35,000 ….. from a dozen countries.

5. He joined the British Army and ….. to Germany.

6. I ….. on over 280 combat missions in two wars, so I'm used to danger.

7. Our forces ….. heavy losses on the enemy.

8. The government has threatened to take ….. if the rebels do not withdraw from the area.

9. I was seventeen, and most of the other students in my year had done ….. and were a lot older.

10. All the armed groups ….. .

11. The regiment ….. in Singapore for several years.

12. Sensible and justifiable decisions, properly communicated would ….. morale rather than diminish it.

13. Several groups have decried the peace accord as a ….. .

14. He was tried on ….. of treason.

13. Choose the word or phrase (from the list) that best completes each of the sentences below. Change the grammatical form of the word or phrase if necessary.

loss of life, bellicose, to recruit, to gather, to suffer, to cause, allegiance, military force, to perform, to conscript, military strength, to enlist, naval base, to join, air base, to dodge, to fly, captive, to raise, political loyalty

1. The terrorists were holding several British diplomats ….. .

2. The group ….. twenty missions.

3. But this time they ….. their heaviest casualties since the battle began.

4. Most private soldiers ….. from the working classes.

5. The death and destruction tore apart families whose ….. were also divided in what was essentially a civil war.

6. There was only minor damage to property and no ….. .

7. Few details were released of the precise circumstances of the friendly fire incidents which ….. the casualties.

8. The United States is prepared to use ….. to achieve its aims.

9. He boasts of ….. military service by feigning illness.

10. Young Frenchmen ….. into the army and forced to fight in Algeria.

11. After high school, he ….. in the Marines, where he remained for eight years.

12. In 1066 William the Conqueror ….. an army and invaded England.

13. The general made some ….. statements about his country's armed forces.

14. The harbour of the ….. seethed with tremendous activity.

14. Translate these sentences. Give synonymous translations if possible.

1. Американцы вторглись в Ирак в 2003 году и до сих пор оккупируют эту страну.

2. В то время советская армия была настолько сильной, что могла сокрушить любого противника.

3. Военное завоевание данной территории стало возможным из-за предательства местной политической элиты.

4. Вьетнам сумел отразить американское военное нашествие.

5. Многие беженцы нашли убежище в соседнем государстве.

6. Все перемещенные лица были обеспечены гуманитарной помощью.

7. После нападение на Пирл Харбор проживавшие в США японцы были интернированы.

8. Террористы захватили в заложники всех находившихся на борту самолета пассажиров.

9. Они захватили несколько сот заложников.

10. После отказа террористов отпустить заложников была подготовлена операцию по их освобождению.

11. Охранники грубо обращались с военнопленными.

12. Правительство возложило ответственность за резню на войска мятежников.

13. Правительственные войска сконцентрированы на южной границе.

14. Для захвата позиций противника в этом районе были использованы войска специального назначения.

15. Мировое сообщество требует, чтобы Израиль вывел свои войска со всех оккупированных территорий.

16. Необходимо принять меры для модернизации вооруженных сил государства.

17. Военные захватили власть в стране.

18. Монарх принимает решение о формировании или роспуске армии.

19. Вооруженные силы государства состоят из сухопутных войск, военно-морского флота и военно-воздушных сил.

20. Какая армия для нас предпочтительнее в настоящее время – профессиональная или комплектуемая на основе призыва?

21. Подразделение десантников было сброшено за линией фронта, чтобы овладеть дорогой, ведущей в город.

22. Морские пехотинцы были размещены на военно-морской базе.

23. Войска успешно выполнили боевое задание.

24. Во время войны он совершил сто боевых вылетов.

15. Translate these sentences. Give synonymous translations if possible.

1. В том бою его батальон понес тяжелые потери.

2. Артиллерийский обстрел нанес его подразделению серьезные потери.

3. Они полагают, что недопустимо использовать военную силу в международных отношениях.

4. Правительственные войска готовятся к проведению военной операции.

5. Во время войны он служил / проходил военную службу в воздушно-десантных войсках.

6. Если молодой человек уклоняется от призыва на военную службу, он может быть привлечен к уголовной ответственности.

7. В настоящее время многие юноши освобождаются от прохождения военной службы по состоянию здоровья.

8. Когда разразилась война, он был призван на военную службу / (добровольно) пошел служить в морскую пехоту.

9. Многие в стране выступают за введение обязательной военной службы.

10. Уклонение от призыва на военную службу является уголовным преступлением.

11. Он истинный патриот, а не какой-нибудь шовинист.

12. Они вели себя агрессивно по отношению к тем, кто имел другое мнение.

13. Нельзя поддаваться пораженческим настроениям даже в самые критические моменты войны.

14. Солдаты присягнули на верность королю.

15. Ксенофобия стала широко распространенным явлением в мире.

16. Командир дивизии понимал, что надо как-то поднять боевой дух в войсках.

17. Такое решение может подорвать боевой дух среди солдат.

18. Он был награжден медалью за то, что совершил подвиг на поле боя.

19. В военное время человек, обвиненный в измене родине, может быть казнен.

20. Политическая элита страны продалась сверхдержаве.

21. Его судили по обвинению в государственной измене.

22. Он стал предателем, когда понял, что у него нет другой возможности спасти свою жизнь.