21. Insurgency

1. insurgent [countable – usually plural] (formal) someone who belongs to a group of people fighting to take control of their country by force повстанец; бунтовщик, мятежник: All approaches to the capital are now under the control of the insurgents. | By early yesterday, the insurgents had taken control of the country's main military air base.

2. guerrilla (fighter) [countable] a member of an unofficial military group that is trying to change the government by making sudden, unexpected attacks on the official armed forces партизан: The guerrillas began their assault on March 8th. | The guerrillas would fight to the bitter end in order to achieve their main goal. | The guerrillas threatened to kill their hostages. | Most of the people living there sympathized with the guerrillas. | Guerrillas avoid fighting set-piece battles. | At midday six guerrilla fighters arrive to help them from a military base near to their village. | Television stations would be expected to broadcast photographs of guerrilla leaders with offers of rewards for information.

armed guerrilla: Four Western tourists held by armed guerrillas in Kashmir began their seventh month in captivity today.

guerrilla group / band / unit отряд партизан: Guerrilla groups are active in the province. | A small band of guerrillas has blown up a train in the mountains. | Elite Republican Guard troops deployed tanks and heavy artillery against lightly armed guerrilla units.

guerrilla force(s) партизанские войска: The rest of the family decided to join the guerrilla forces. | Delegates also discussed transforming them from a guerrilla force into a regular army.

guerrilla movement партизанское движение: The democratic approach inherent in the guerrilla movement would triumph ultimately. | He was later released through Romero's efforts, at which point he joined a guerrilla movement and was killed in combat.

guerrilla warfare / war / tactics партизанская война / тактика: The enemy cunningly avoided direct confrontation and concentrated on guerrilla warfare. | American troops found themselves fighting a guerrilla war. | In early 1990 the guerrilla war intensified, with rising casualties among both the local population and the security forces. | The terrorists continue to express confidence that their guerrilla tactics can defeat a conventional force.

guerrilla activity / activities / action / operations партизанские действия: Over 100 of those killed were paramilitary gendarmes who were stationed in the area to counter Kurdish guerrilla activity. | In real life the distinction between sheer brigandage and patriotic guerrilla activities was often blurred. | In reality guerrilla action was largely indiscriminate with sporadic attacks on the occasional landlord, local official, or police post.

guerrilla attack: He said that guerrilla attacks would henceforth be directed at military targets, state companies and economic installations among others. | The rebels appear to be making hit-and-run guerrilla style attacks on military targets. | It could be a prime target for guerrilla attack.

guerrilla raid / foray / infiltration партизанский рейд, партизанская вылазка: Cumings concludes that Kim was probably based at Kharborovsk from 1941 to 1945 and conducted his guerrilla forays from there. | These base camps were used by the PKK guerrillas to make forays into Turkey. | The security zone was set up to prevent guerrilla infiltrations.

3. freedom fighter [countable] someone who fights in a war against an unfair or dishonest government, army etc (used to show approval) борец за свободу: This would give great encouragement to the freedom fighters. | Young enthusiasts drove across the border to join the freedom fighters who had appealed to the world for help. | It's often said that one person's freedom fighter is another person's terrorist.

4. paramilitary (adjective) [usually before noun] (1) a paramilitary organization is an illegal group that is organized like an army военизированный, полувоенный: Suspicions will now be increased that the regiment has been penetrated by a network of loyalist paramilitary supporters and sympathizers. | They had cropped heads and wore paramilitary uniforms. | There are signs of paramilitary activity supported from abroad.

paramilitary group / organization / force(s): According to sources, the report urges paramilitary groups to commit themselves to exclusively democratic means and to total disarmament. | The law said that all paramilitary groups must be disarmed. | It turns neighbour against neighbour, breaking down trust in a way that the paramilitary organizations are finding easy to exploit.| The region has been fiercely contested by guerrillas and the paramilitary forces for the past few years.

(2) connected with and helping the official armed forces or police военизированный, полувоенный: In some countries, police and fire officers have paramilitary training.

paramilitary police (force): The soldiers were deployed to help paramilitary police seal the border. | The protestors eventually surrendered to paramilitary police. | Paramilitary police units are taking part in rescue efforts. | I had not previously read anything about a paramilitary police force.

paramilitary force(s): Searches by the army and paramilitary forces have continued today. | In the southern district of Faridabad there were visible pockets of tension, in spite of a strong presence of police and paramilitary forces.

5. paramilitary [countable] (1) a member of an illegal paramilitary organization член военизированного формирования: Loyalist paramilitaries were blamed for the shooting.

(2) a member of a legal paramilitary organization член военизированного формирования: Paramilitaries and army recruits patrolled the village.

6. patrol (1) [uncountable; countable] the act of going around different parts of an area at regular times to check that there is no trouble or danger патрулирование; обход: The picket line was supplemented by daily long-range air patrols by naval aircraft.

on patrol (duties): Security forces remained on patrol until late into the night. | Three reconnaissance aircraft are permanently on patrol. | Warships on patrol in the Red Sea spotted two enemy jets. | There were eight extra police officers this year, seven of them on patrol duties.

(2) [countable] a group of police, soldiers, vehicles, planes etc sent out to search a particular area патруль; дозор; разъезд: Our forward patrol has / have spotted the enemy. | Our full combat air patrol was on the alert. | Guerrillas attacked a patrol with hand grenades. | The men apparently opened fire after they were challenged by a patrol. | The security forces increased their patrols in the area. | It was a strange feeling to see the military patrols in the empty streets on election day. | The mood is relaxed, and two border patrol officers chat across the fence.

military patrol военный патруль

police patrol полицейский патруль

reconnaissance patrol разведывательный патруль

foot patrol пеший патруль: Every police car and foot patrol was watching out for him.

mounted patrol конный патруль: I ask the mounted patrol to keep their eyes open.

patrol boat / car / vehicle a boat / car / vehicle used by the armed forces or police: There is a chronic shortage of patrol cars in this police district. | There were patrol cars on the streets and riot police standing by in reserve.

7. to patrol [transitive; intransitive] (especially of soldiers or the police) to go around the different parts of an area or building at regular times to check that there is no trouble or danger патрулировать; охранять

to patrol sth: Air raid wardens patrolled the streets to make sure no lights were showing in houses. | Troops patrolled the streets. | Why were the Marines patrolling the border?

to patrol along / on / around sth: Coastguards found a deserted boat while patrolling along the coast. | Brook was wounded while patrolling on the border.