20. Militancy and subversion

2. to rebel (against sb / sth) | to revolt (against sb / sth) | to rise (up) (against sb / sth) | to rise in (open) rebellion / revolt (against sb / sth) [intransitive] to take strong and often violent action against authority, usually with the aim of taking power away from them поднимать восстание / мятеж, бунтовать, восставать: The eastern provinces are likely to rebel if they are not given more freedom. | When senior army officers rebelled, the President was forced to flee the country. | The citizens at last rebelled against their cruel rulers, drove them from the country, and took power themselves. | If the army revolted or went over to the opposition, all was lost. | It was feared that the army would revolt against the government. | Two hundred years ago our forefathers revolted against oppression and formed a new nation. | They rose up and overthrew the government. | The people rose up against the oppressor / tyrant / dictator. | Eventually the people rose against the oppressive regime. | The Russian people rose in rebellion in 1917. | The Bretons rose in rebellion against the King.

3. to riot [intransitive] to behave in a violent and uncontrolled way, for example by fighting the police and damaging cars or buildings бунтовать, поднимать бунт; принимать участие в бунте

to riot: Students were rioting in the streets. | Gangs of youths rioted for two nights on the streets of the capital. | At the time of the shooting the students were not rioting or causing civil disruption. | Hundreds of prisoners rioted on April 1 in the overcrowded prison.

to riot in protest at / against sth: University students rioted in protest at tuition fees. | Whole districts were rioting in protest at mass unemployment. | Prisoners in several jails have rioted in protest at their appalling conditions. | They rioted in protest against the government.

4. to mutiny [intransitive] if a group of people, especially soldiers or sailors, mutinies, they refuse to accept someone's authority or attempt to take control from people in authority поднять мятеж, взбунтоваться

to mutiny: Units stationed around the capital mutinied because they had received no pay for nine months. | The crew mutinied and murdered the ship's captain.

to mutiny against sb / sth: The troops mutinied against their officers. | At last the sailors mutinied against the captain's unjust use of his power.

to mutiny over sth: The soldiers mutinied over the non-payment of wages.

5. to plot [intransitive; transitive] | to conspire [intransitive] to make a secret plan with other people to do something bad or illegal, especially in politics устраивать / организовывать / составлять заговор; тайно замышлять; сговариваться; плести интриги, строить козни

to plot against sb / sth | to conspire against sb / sth // with sb: He suspected that the military were secretly plotting against him. | They are awaiting trial on charges of plotting against the state. | He conspired against the existing government.| There was no doubt that they were conspiring with other African guerrilla movements.

to plot to do sth | to conspire (with sb // against sb) to do sth: The men were charged with plotting to overthrow the government / to plant the biggest bomb ever in Central London. | They conspired to overthrow the government. | Ten men were convicted of conspiring to bomb the UN and the FBI buildings in New York. | They are jointly accused of conspiring with others to cause an explosion likely to endanger life. | So there was nothing harmful in Kent police officers conspiring with criminals to boost clear-up statistics. | I believe he was conspiring against me to put me in prison.

to plot sth: The army is plotting the overthrow of the government. | The minister was found guilty of plotting the downfall of the government. | The military were plotting a coup. | He warned that they might be plotting a coup against the administration. | It was widely believed that the outlaws had been plotting an insurrection.

6. to subvert [transitive] (formal) to try to weaken or destroy the power and influence of a government or an established system, especially by attacking it indirectly in written or spoken material заниматься подрывной деятельностью; разрушать; свергать, ниспровергать, низлагать: Smith was sentenced to 14 years for plotting to subvert the government / democratic process. | The rebel army is attempting to subvert the state.

7. to sabotage [transitive] (1) to secretly damage or destroy equipment, weapons or buildings in order to prevent the success of an enemy or competitor организовывать диверсию, саботировать; заниматься вредительством; проводить / вести подрывную деятельность: The rebels had tried to sabotage the oil pipeline. | The railway line was sabotaged by enemy commandos. | The main pipeline supplying water was sabotaged by rebels. | Every single fighter plane was sabotaged.

(2) to deliberately spoil someone's plans because you do not want them to succeed саботировать: The attack is being seen as a deliberate attempt to sabotage the peace talks. | This was a deliberate attempt to sabotage the ceasefire. | He said that the opposition had done everything possible to sabotage the elections.

8. to crack / clamp down (on sb / sth) [intransitive] to make a determined attempt to stop people doing something bad or illegal применять суровые / жесткие меры; подавлять: The government is determined to crack down on terrorism / terrorists. | The government has promised to crack down on criminal activity. | The police are cracking down hard on violent crime. | If we don't clamp down on these troublemakers now, the situation could get out of control. | The government plans to clamp down on illegal militant groups. | We must clamp down now, before it's too late to stop the trouble.

9. rebellion | revolt | insurrection (formal) | insurgency (formal) [countable; uncountable] | uprising | rising (British English) [countable] an organized attempt by a group of people to take control of their country by force восстание; бунт, мятеж: In 1968, a student rebellion in Paris sparked off a nationwide general strike. | A couple of jet fighters were downed during the five-week rebellion. | Those found guilty of rebellion and insurrection will be sentenced to life imprisonment. | This was the best-known and recorded peasant revolt in Soviet history, yet its practical achievements were nil. | The day after that, the leaders of the insurrection surrendered. | This new party was briefly banned for arousing political turmoil that led to street insurrections in October 1993. | The government is reported to be concerned about the growing insurgency in the South. | The late President Ferdinand Marcos was overthrown by a popular uprising in 1986. | Peasant uprisings were the first signs of discontent among the people. | The short-lived uprising fizzled out in the face of strong opposition from government forces. | In December there followed the most extensive anarchist rising of the entire Republican period. | Peasant violence was generally localized and poorly organized, but there were serious risings in almost every decade of the seventeenth century.

rebellion / revolt / insurgency / insurrection / uprising / rising against sb: It was undeniably a revolt by ordinary people against their leaders. | The French Revolution began with a popular revolt against a new "salt tax." | A small but destructive minority has turned from religious zeal to crime, or to insurrection against its own governments. | So appalling were conditions that rumours spread of a possible uprising against the regime.

to incite / instigate / foment / stir up a rebellion / revolt / insurgency / insurrection / uprising / rising провоцировать восстание, подстрекать к восстанию: The revolt in the north is believed to have been instigated by a high-ranking general. | The day he shook off their protection they instigated a guerrilla uprising backed by their own troops. | They were accused of fomenting rebellion.

to mount / stage a rebellion / revolt / insurgency / insurrection / uprising / rising поднимать восстание: A rebel army of political dissidents staged a rebellion in December 1989. | At least 20 of the rebel junior officers who staged the uprising surrendered by late afternoon. | They were plotting to stage an armed insurrection if negotiations with the government should fail.

to be in revolt (against sb) бунтовать, восставать: The army is in revolt (against its commanders).

to lead / head a rebellion / revolt / insurgency / insurrection / uprising / rising возглавлять восстание, руководить / управлять / командовать восстанием: The Duke of Ormond led a military rebellion against the new king. | He then led a revolt against Constantine in Gaul, which was defeated, and committed suicide at Marseilles in 310. | Louverture headed the revolt of the slaves in the French colony of San Domingo.

to mastermind / orchestrate a rebellion / revolt / insurgency / insurrection / uprising / rising тайно руководить восстанием: The colonel was able to orchestrate a rebellion from inside an army jail.

to put down / crush / quell / quash / suppress / repress / defeat / fight (a) rebellion / revolt / insurgency / insurrection / uprising / rising подавлять восстание: Troops were used to put down a rebellion and arrest hundreds of protestors. | Herrera knew that if his government failed to put down the revolt, it would spread to outlying areas. | The new leader put down the uprising by dispatching government troops to the area. | The army was brought in to crush the rebellion. | Troops loyal to the President crushed the revolt. | The military operation was the first step in a plan to crush the uprising. | Troops were sent in to crush the uprising at Carandiru prison in Sao Paulo. | The President took immediate steps to quell the uprising. | He was prepared to suppress rebellion by shooting down protesters. | The Confederate government provided troops to suppress slave revolts. | Force is conveniently used to suppress political uprising. | This runs parallel with the use of force to suppress uprisings in poor nations against policies of these same institutions. | Rebellions in the area were bloodily repressed by pro-government forces. | I would have thought it a proper job for the Army to fight rebellion.

a rebellion / revolt / insurgency / insurrection / uprising / rising starts / breaks out / erupts вспыхивает восстание: The rebellion started in Kilalla and spread quickly through the Western provinces.

a rebellion / revolt / insurgency / insurrection / uprising / rising occurs / materializes восстание происходит: A rebellion by radicals failed to materialize.

the rebellion / revolt / insurgency / insurrection / uprising / rising spreads to / through / across a particular place восстание распространяется на какой-то территории: The rebellion spread quickly through the Western Provinces.

a rebellion / revolt / insurgency / insurrection / uprising / rising sweeps a country охватывает / захлестывает страну: In 1880, a peasant revolt swept the country in protest at the tax on salt.

armed rebellion / revolt / insurgency / insurrection / uprising / rising вооруженный мятеж: Threats of an armed rebellion caused tightened security measures across the country. | The peasants rose in armed revolt. | The immediate sequel was an armed uprising in several cities, headed by Moscow. | The reign of civil disorder and terrorism culminated in armed insurrection.

open rebellion / revolt открытый бунт

popular rebellion / revolt / insurgency / insurrection / uprising / rising народное восстание: The regime was overthrown by a popular uprising on December 22, 1989. | Marcos was overthrown in 1986 after a popular uprising.

abortive / failed rebellion / revolt / insurgency / insurrection / uprising / rising неудавшаяся попытка мятежа: a failed uprising against French colonial rule | Recruits to the rebel cause were also thought to include students and survivors of the failed 1985 uprising led by Brig.

10. revolution [countable; uncountable] a successful attempt by a large group of people to change their government or the political system of their country, usually by force революция; восстание; переворот: The country seems to be heading towards revolution. | The colonial revolution could not by its own forces bring about the downfall of imperialism. | The period since the revolution has been one of political turmoil.

to bring about / carry out / conduct a revolution совершать революцию: It needed and wanted to bring about a revolution.

to incite / instigate / foment / stir up a revolution провоцировать восстание, подстрекать к восстанию

a revolution happens / occurs совершается / происходит революция: Abandoned by her family and deserted by her servants, Elena Petrescu was incapable of grasping that a revolution had happened.

a revolution breaks out / erupts вспыхивает восстание

a country erupts into revolution в стране совершается / происходит революция: Just 12 days after the emperor's death, the country erupted into revolution.

the revolution spreads to / through a particular place восстание распространяется на какой-то территории

to lead / head a revolution возглавлять восстание, руководить / управлять / командовать восстанием: No one can be certain what would have happened if the Communist Party had tried to lead a revolution in May 1968.

to mastermind / orchestrate a revolution тайно руководить восстанием

to put down / crush / quell / quash / suppress / repress / defeat a revolution подавлять восстание: The revolution was crushed within days.

11. riot [countable; uncountable] a noisy, violent and uncontrolled protest by a crowd of people бунт; беспорядки: Ethnic tensions led to a massive race riot. | Riots during the election were dealt with by the police. | A peaceful rally turned into a riot after police fired into the crowd.

riot against sb / sth: Last autumn's riots against President Mobutu saw a repetition of this panic. | We met on the streets of Whitehall, central London, during the now infamous riots against capitalism earlier this year.

to incite / instigate / foment / stir up a riot подстрекать к бунту: He has blamed the police for causing the May Day riot, siding with the Front. | There were not enough of them to start a riot.

to cause / provoke / spark (off) / trigger (off) / touch off a riot вызывать / провоцировать бунт: The new laws sparked prison riots across the country. | His murder triggered vicious race riots.

to put down / crush / quell / quash / suppress / repress / end a riot подавлять бунт: The army was called in to put down the riots. | The riot was put down by force. | Seven people were hurt as police tried to quell the riot. | It was said that armed mounted troopers were grouped outside the oval to quell a possible riot. | More than 150 officers battled to end the riots outside the embassy.

a riot breaks out / erupts вспыхивает бунт: A riot broke out after a police shooting of a local man. | Riots erupted in the capital after police banned two anti-government demonstrations. | Inner-city riots erupted when a local man was shot by police.

race riot расовые беспорядки: In 1943 there were violent race riots in Detroit in which 25 black people died. | These groups have also been accused of plotting to trigger more race riots in Oldham and Bradford.

riots spread to / through / across a particular place бунты распространяются на какой-то территории: Racial tension boiled over in the inner city riots which spread across the nation last week.

riot gear protective clothes and equipment: Police in riot gear lined up at the end of the street.

12. unrest | rioting [uncountable] | disturbance [countable; uncountable] (formal) angry or violent behaviour by people who are protesting against something (массовые) беспорядки, волнения, бесчинства, неповиновение, акция неповиновения: The government blamed the unrest on the activities of several small left-wing groups intent on creating general instability. | The government is afraid of further serious rioting today. | They needed more troops to quell the ever-rising tide of rioting. | The election passed without any disturbance. | Israel was reported to be offering guidance to the army on controlling civil disturbances. | A home-made bomb exploded during the disturbances. | Violent disturbances have left at least ten people dead. | Some say that the rising number of people in an area is bound to create occasional disturbances.

growing / mounting unrest усиливающиеся беспорядки / волнения: There is growing unrest throughout the country. | There is growing unrest among students in several major cities. | There was a growing unrest among the younger residents. | In the face of mounting political and industrial unrest, Asquith may have been anxious to head off further confrontation with feminists.

to be in a state of unrest: For several weeks students at the university have been in a state of unrest.

to incite / instigate / foment / stir up unrest / disturbance(s) подстрекать к беспорядкам / волнениям: Along with hate crimes, police violence and abuse continued to incite racial disturbances in the early 1980s. | There is a certain amount of evidence to suggest that local Tory leaders played a part in inciting the unrest.

to cause / provoke / spark (off) / trigger (off) / touch off / lead to / fan / create unrest / disturbances вызывать беспорядки / волнения: A defector was quoted in January as saying that hunger had even caused unrest in the army. | The tensions generated by the Gulf war have not caused as much unrest as December's strikes and riots. | The raising of fuel prices by 36 percent in June led to widespread unrest. | In their existing forms, reforms looked likely to lead to social unrest and further disturbances. | He said students were fanning social unrest with their violent protests.

unrest / disturbance(s) break(s) / erupt(s) вспыхивают беспорядки / волнения: Social unrest, never far below the surface in Brazil, has erupted over the last few days.

unrest / disturbance(s) spread(s) to / through / across a particular place беспорядки / волнения распространяются на какой-то территории: The unrest then spread to secondary schools in Conakry.

to put down / crush / quell / quash / suppress / repress unrest / disturbance(s) подавлять беспорядки / волнения: Troops eventually quelled the unrest. | The security forces counter-attacked the following day and quelled the unrest. | In New Orleans in May 1861, disturbances among the slave population were suppressed by the militia.

civil unrest / disturbance(s) гражданское неповиновение: The Foreign Office is advising people not to travel to the area, because of civil unrest. | It is feared that the civil unrest we are now witnessing in this country could lead to full-scale civil war. | He chose November 5 as a traditional day of civil disturbance.

political unrest / disturbance(s) политические беспорядки: In times of political unrest, the danger that extreme measures will be taken increases. | The capital city is facing growing political unrest.

social / popular unrest / disturbance(s) социальные волнения, общественное недовольство: He is acutely conscious that this transition will bring with it the risk of social unrest. | There are growing signs of more broadly-based popular unrest.

labour / industrial // peasant unrest / disturbance(s) волнения среди / в среде рабочих // крестьян: A faltering economy and a recent wave of labour unrest have affected the new party's popularity. | In addition, peasant unrest in areas where there was significant private landholding had reached serious proportions by May. | But the sharp decline in peasant disturbances in the pre-war years pointed to peaceful development. | The Tambov revolt and other peasant disturbances were soon contained and squashed.

student / campus unrest / disturbance(s) студенческие волнения: The student unrest of 1988 needs to be addressed next. | Such isolated incidents of student unrest rapidly became a mass movement.

racial unrest / disturbance(s) расовые волнения / беспорядки: Along with hate crimes, police violence and abuse continued to incite racial disturbances in the early 1980s.

13. mutiny [countable; uncountable] a refusal by a group to accept someone's authority and / or an attempt to take control from people in authority, especially a group of soldiers or sailors мятеж, восстание, бунт: There were rumours of mutiny among the troops. | There was already talk of mutiny among the crew. | Thirteen soldiers were sentenced to life imprisonment for mutiny. | The mutiny will not take place. | A series of coup attempts and mutinies within the armed forces destabilized the regime. | They were shot yesterday after being convicted of mutiny and high treason.

to incite / instigate / foment / stir up a mutiny | to stir sb to mutiny поднять мятеж, подстрекать к мятежу: Discontented men stirred the crew to mutiny.

to provoke / spark (off) / trigger (off) / touch off / lead to a mutiny вызывать мятеж, приводить к мятежу: Dissatisfaction, exacerbated by the non-payment of the usual bonuses, led to a mass exodus and mutiny.

to put down / crush / quell / quash / suppress / repress a riot подавлять мятеж: Soldiers and police killed 250-300 prisoners while crushing mutinies in three jails.

a mutiny breaks out / erupts вспыхивает мятеж

to lead / head a mutiny возглавлять мятеж, руководить / командовать мятежом: He led a mutiny against the captain.

14. coup (d'état) | takeover [countable] an occasion when a group of people takes control of a country, usually by means of military force (государственный) переворот; захват власти: Haiti's first elected president was deposed in a violent military coup.

to plot a coup готовить (государственный) переворот

to stage / launch / mount / wage a coup (against sb) организовывать / осуществлять (государственный) переворот: A band of young disillusioned officers staged a coup. | Seif says he spent most of last year coaxing his father into transforming his 35-year-old revolution, which Gaddafi has led since he waged a military coup in 1969.

to lead a coup возглавлять (государственный) переворот: He led a successful coup against the government of Iraq.

to attempt a coup совершить попытку (государственного) переворота

coup attempt | attempted coup попытка (государственного) переворота: The coup attempt was followed by police brutality, executions, and torture. | He was jailed for his part in the attempted coup.

failed / abortive coup (attempt) неудавшийся (государственный) переворот: He evaded capture after the failed coup. | It was the worst violence Moscow had seen since the failed coup of August 1991.

15. plot [countable] | conspiracy [countable; uncountable] a secret plan by a group of people to do something bad or illegal, especially in politics заговор; интриги; козни; тайный сговор: The three men are accused of conspiracy. | The bombs are almost certainly part of a much bigger conspiracy. | They were brought to trial for treasonable conspiracy.

a plot / conspiracy against sb / sth: Taken together, the taped conversations reveal a president seemingly consumed with the details of illegal plots against his enemies. | Reynolds was charged with conspiracy against the government. | The conspiracy against Castro was led by several top military men.

a plot / conspiracy to do sth: The two men are accused of a plot to bomb an American plane. | A man and a woman were charged on April 15 with conspiracy to cause explosions and with possession of explosives and arms. | He believes there probably was a conspiracy to kill President Kennedy in 1963.

assassination plot: He was responding to reports of an assassination plot against him. | Daley, as it turned out, seemed to be the only person who knew about an assassination plot.

coup plot: The government announced that it had discovered a coup plot.

conspiracy theory a belief that an unpleasant event or situation is the result of a secret plan made by powerful people: The air is thick with conspiracy theories whenever the regime feels threatened. | Did you ever swallow the conspiracy theory about Kennedy? | There were many conspiracy theories surrounding Princess Diana's death.

to hatch / devise / lay a plot / conspiracy вынашивать / подготавливать заговор: The court heard that a desperate financial crisis and debts of more than £40,000 drove Shooter to hatch his unsuccessful plot. | He has accused opposition parties of hatching a plot to assassinate the Pope.

to carry out a plot / conspiracy осуществлять заговор: The plot was discovered before it was carried out.

to mastermind / orchestrate a plot / conspiracy тайно управлять / руководить заговором: Janis was suspected of masterminding a plot against US airlines in East Asia.

to be involved / engaged in a plot / conspiracy быть вовлеченным в заговор, участвовать в заговоре: Klein next turned up in Rome, where he was involved in a plot to kidnap the pope. | Many people were involved in this conspiracy, but three stand out.

to foil / thwart a plot / conspiracy расстроить заговор, помешать выполнению заговора: The police have foiled a plot to assassinate the president. | The plot to overthrow the military government was foiled.

to uncover / discover / expose a plot / conspiracy раскрывать заговор: Security forces have uncovered a plot to overthrow the government. | The plot was quickly discovered, and five men were arrested.

16. subversion [uncountable] | subversive activities [plural] the action of trying to weaken or destroy the power or influence of a government or an established system, especially by attacking it indirectly in written or spoken material подрывная деятельность; диверсия: Seventeen people were convicted of subversion following a coup attempt. | Many defectors provided the McCarthy committees with evidence of political subversion. | And the relevance of Northern Ireland to the subversion of democracy in Britain remains mystified. | They were expelled from the country for subversive activities.

to be engaged / involved in subversion / subversive activities | to engage in subversion / subversive activities заниматься подрывной деятельностью: He was engaged / involved in subversive activities.

17. sedition [uncountable] (formal) speech, writing, or actions intended to encourage people to disobey or fight against a government подстрекательство / призыв к мятежу / бунту: He was arrested on charges of sedition. | Government officials charged him with sedition. | The charges were preaching sedition in three published articles.

to incite / instigate / foment / stir up sedition подстрекать к мятежу

18. sabotage [uncountable] (1) deliberate damage that is done to equipment, weapons or buildings in order to prevent the success of an enemy or competitor диверсия, саботаж, вредительство; подрывная деятельность: Armed soldiers patrol the airbase to guard against sabotage. | The rebels stopped their sabotage of the power distribution network. | Experts believed the crash to be due to pilot error, and sabotage was virtually ruled out of the investigation. | One of the journalists queried whether sabotage could have been involved.

industrial / economic sabotage: They began a campaign of industrial and economic sabotage. | The amnesty did not include those accused of offences relating to drugs, murder, economic sabotage or armed robbery.

backstage sabotage скрытый саботаж

act of sabotage диверсионный акт; акт саботажа: The bombing was a spectacular act of sabotage. | My insurance excludes acts of sabotage and damage done by weapons of war. | The terrorists were planning acts of sabotage to destabilize the country. | Was the explosion an act of sabotage?

to commit / carry out an act of sabotage организовывать диверсию; саботировать: Now that the partisans were well organized in the Province of Parma they committed many acts of sabotage. | It accused Mr Mandela of carrying out acts of sabotage on dates when he was in prison.

(2) things that are done to deliberately spoil someone's plans because you do not want them to succeed саботаж

19. crackdown / clampdown (on / against sb / sth) [countable – usually singular] a determined attempt by someone in authority to stop people doing something bad or illegal применение суровых / жестких мер; ужесточение мер; жестокое преследование / подавление: They claimed to be victims of political persecution following the military crackdown on student protesters. | They promised a crackdown on crime, but crime has doubled. | The new administration has promised a clampdown on corruption. | A massive security clampdown aimed at restoring order resulted in major bloodshed, particularly in the capital. | The governor has ordered a clampdown on illegal immigration.

to launch a crackdown / clampdown: They launched a crackdown on drug dealers.

20. rebel [countable] someone who tries to remove a government or leader by force мятежник, участник мятежа; повстанец, участник восстания; боевик: Anti-government rebels have seized the radio station. | The rebels took over the capital and set up a new government. | The town fell into rebel hands.

rebel forces / troops / army: A problem deserving consideration is how strong the rebel forces actually were. | Fighting between the rebels and government troops continues in the north. | Two neighbouring countries and three rebel armies have been fighting since 1998 to depose him.

rebel soldier / leader / general: Three of the rebel soldiers and one government soldier were killed. | This led rebel leaders to agree to combine their forces in one division under a unified command structure.

rebel group / movement: The interim government was not recognized by the major rebel movements.

rebel attack: The government said that a rebel attack on the town of Tchoukou-Hadje had left several dead.

21. revolutionary [countable] someone who supports or takes part in a political or social revolution революционер: The revolutionaries laid down their arms and its leaders went into voluntary exile. | All the best revolutionaries have been middle class. | Having taken control of the capital city, the revolutionaries proceeded to form a new government. | He became a professional revolutionary.

22. rioter [countable] бунтовщик, участник беспорядков: The militia dispersed the rioters. | Police and rioters clashed violently.

23. mutineer [countable] someone who is involved in a mutiny мятежник, участник мятежа, бунтовщик

24. militant [countable] someone who uses militant methods to achieve something боевик; активист, борец: According to the authorities, the militants were planning a series of terrorist acts. | The militants see no contradiction in using violence to bring about a religious state. | He ruled out any exchange of prisoners with the militants. | A crowd of militants took to the streets to protest the government's policies.

25. subversive [countable] someone who secretly tries to weaken or destroy the power and influence of a government or an established system, especially by attacking it indirectly in written or spoken material ниспровергатель; человек, ведущий подрывную политическую деятельность: Agents regularly rounded up suspected subversives. | CIA agents infiltrated the group, looking for alleged subversives. | Pablo Picasso was for a long time regarded as a dangerous subversive.

26. saboteur [countable] someone who secretly damages or destroys equipment, weapons or buildings in order to prevent the success of an enemy or competitor диверсант; вредитель; саботажник: The lorries were wrecked by saboteurs. | The second possibility was that some fiendishly cunning saboteur was at work. | The saboteurs demanded money in return for revealing how they had hacked into the systems.

27. rebellious (adjective) fighting to remove a government or leader by force мятежный, восставший; бунтующий: Aristide, the elected president, was ousted by rebellious soldiers. | The rebellious officers, having seized the radio station, broadcast the news of the overthrow of the monarchy.

28. revolutionary (adjective) [only before noun] relating to a political or social revolution революционный: a revolutionary leader / movement / party / war / society | revolutionary ideas / principles | When revolutionary forces marched into Havana, Castro and Che Guevara took control of the army. | Several rival revolutionary armies were challenging the central government and each other. | Do you know anything about the revolutionary movement? | The violence of the revolutionary years was justifiable on the grounds of political necessity.

29. militant (adjective) using extreme and sometimes violent methods in order to achieve political or social change воинственный, воинствующий; активный, боевой; агрессивный: After the assassination of Martin Luther King, black leaders became more militant. | Although the court found that she was not a militant member of the guerrilla group, she received a maximum sentence. | The militant group claimed to have killed two soldiers. | The town has been the target of militant attacks. | Militant nationalism and militant revolutionism seem to be contemporaneous. | They have already been accused of appeasement by more militant organizations. | The fiery right-wing leader toned down his militant statements after the meeting.

30. subversive (adjective) subversive ideas, activities etc are secret and intended to weaken or destroy a government or an established system, especially by attacking it indirectly in written or spoken material подрывной, антиправительственный: subversive political activities | subversive propaganda / literature | subversive organizations | subversive elements / groups in society | subversive ideas / influences | He remained faithful to the Party in its outlaw years, and went to prison for distributing subversive literature. | It's a challenging novel with a subversive message. | The play was promptly banned as subversive and possibly treasonous.

31. seditious (adjective) (formal) intended to illegally encourage people to oppose the government or not obey the law бунтарский, мятежный: seditious speeches / writings | She was arrested after making a speech that the government considered to be seditious. | He fell under suspicion for distributing seditious pamphlets.

seditious activities бунтарская деятельность