19. Reconnaissance and intelligence

1. reconnaissance [uncountable; countable] the use of small groups of soldiers, military aircraft or satellites to find out about the size and position of enemy forces разведка; поиск, рекогносцировка: The visit to Tempe was in any case not a military reconnaissance. | The aircraft will be used for reconnaissance rather than combat. | There was little doubt that tactical support and reconnaissance for the land battle would still need piloted machines. | This lone air reconnaissance effort would obviously not be enough.

reconnaissance of sth: Aerial reconnaissance of the enemy position showed they were ready to attack.

aerial / air reconnaissance воздушная разведка: At best the amphibious raiders might have panoramic shots from aerial reconnaissance, or be given a flight over the target beach. | So long as they remain expensive, conventional air photography will, however, continue to dominate aerial reconnaissance.

reconnaissance mission разведывательное боевое задание: Three days later President Nixon ordered that the reconnaissance missions be resumed and that they receive adequate protection. | The helicopter was returning from a reconnaissance mission.

reconnaissance in force разведка боем

to do / conduct / carry out / undertake reconnaissance проводить разведку: He often does aerial reconnaissance for Dave. | Infantry traditionally performed three roles: it held ground, took ground, and conducted precise reconnaissance when on patrol. | The Navy was undertaking only minimal reconnaissance, mainly because of a lack of airplanes.

2. espionage | intelligence | spying [uncountable] the activity of finding out the political, military, or industrial secrets of a country's enemies or a company's competitors by using secret methods разведка, шпионаж: He was charged with espionage. | Three months later, the Soviets convicted him of espionage. | The men, convicted on espionage charges, had been sentenced to 15-year prison terms in 1987. | The authorities have arrested several people suspected of espionage. | Espionage is a capital offence in this country. | It was a crime of espionage and carried the death penalty. | He was accused of spying and held without trial for ten years. | He was accused of spying for a foreign government.

to be involved / engaged in espionage | to conduct / engage in espionage заниматься шпионажем, шпионить; служить в разведке: The eleven men were allegedly involved in spying.

to counter / fight / combat espionage противодействовать шпионажу, бороться со шпионажем: He said the country needed a strong intelligence service to counter espionage, terrorism and foreign extremists.

military espionage военный шпионаж

industrial espionage the collecting of secrets about a competing company промышленный шпионаж: The banks take precautions to prevent any attempts at industrial espionage while confidential documents are on the premises. | The Computer Security Institute, which conducted the survey, said the losses were caused by industrial espionage, hacking and fraud.

political espionage политический шпионаж

3. intelligence [uncountable] (1) intelligence reports / data information about the secret activities of foreign governments, the military plans of an enemy etc разведывательные данные; военные сведения: According to our intelligence, further attacks were planned. | This nuclear refuse could provide intelligence on such things as bomb design and yield. | He was later surprised to learn, from reading intelligence reports, that the programme had been developed without his knowledge.

intelligence about / on sth / sb: Local rebels provided intelligence about the government's plans.

to gather / obtain / receive (a piece of) intelligence / intelligence data | to receive intelligence reports: Our mission was to gather intelligence from behind enemy lines. | They would gather intelligence on enemy strengths and fortifications. | The satellite could also be used to gather intelligence. | They received an important piece of intelligence from one of their agents. | We receive intelligence from many sources. | They received intelligence reports that the factory was a target for the bombing. | Both incidents raise serious questions about whether the benefits of gathering certain kinds of intelligence data are worth the risks.

to give / provide intelligence: The satellites provide intelligence about troop movements.

military intelligence военные сведения; разведывательные данные: He passed on military intelligence to the enemy.

intelligence operations / sources: After the Watts rebellion, Johnson asked Hoover to expand his intelligence operations to include riot prediction. | Intelligence operations have uncovered evidence of weapons stockpiling. | Intelligence sources say the missiles are being prepared for use. | Intelligence sources denied the reports.

(2) a government organization that gathers information about the secret activities of foreign governments, the military plans of an enemy etc разведка, разведывательная служба: In Britain there are three main intelligence organizations. | Why was military intelligence so lacking?

military intelligence военная разведка

chief / head of intelligence | intelligence chief руководитель разведки: Andreotti dismissed the chief of military intelligence. | They suggested Colonel Wong may have been detained because, as head of military intelligence, he failed to uncover the plot. | His successor was General Manuel Noriega, his intelligence chief.

4. counter-intelligence | counter-espionage [uncountable] the secret activities and methods used by a country to prevent another country from discovering its military, industrial or political secrets контрразведка, контршпионаж: the FBI's department of counter-intelligence | a counter-intelligence officer | Intelligence activities will now be limited to counter-espionage. | His novels deal with the world of spies, espionage and counterespionage.

5. secret service | intelligence service / agency / department / organization [countable] a secret government department whose job is to find out enemy secrets and to prevent its own government's secrets from being discovered секретная / разведывательная служба, разведывательный орган, разведка; спецслужба: He worked for the intelligence service. | In addition there were comprehensive links between the two intelligence services. | Three out of every four traitors were volunteers, it found; fewer than a quarter were recruited by hostile intelligence services. | But disasters like Blake and the Berlin tunnel do immense damage to the morale of intelligence agencies. | Security services and intelligence agencies should be accountable to a committee of senior Privy Councillors. | Since the cold war ended, many state intelligence agencies have struggled to justify their existence.

6. scout [countable] a person or vehicle sent out by an army to get information about the position and movements of the enemy разведчик; разведывательный самолет, самолет-разведчик: He sent three scouts ahead to take a look at the bridge. | But the scouts were very aware that the fear of war was never far from their minds. | He was killed in the assault soon after, but the information he had gained as a scout led to victory. | They set off, two men out in front as scouts, two behind in case of any attack from the rear. | He wore the garb of a scout, not a general.

7. secret / intelligence / undercover agent | spy | infiltrator [countable] someone who is employed by a government to find out and report on the military and political secrets of other countries секретный / тайный агент; разведчик; шпион; диверсант: Foley looked like anything in the world except a secret agent. | They say that the better the secret agent, the less one hears about him. | After working in the prison service, he joined the defence forces before becoming an intelligence agent. | I want to apply to become an undercover agent. | The Fedpol had undercover agents there, naturally, but no official presence. | He was jailed for five years as an alleged British spy. | He was suspected of having been a spy during the war. | There has always been a danger of enemy infiltrators in the organization. | The infiltrator was identified and killed.

spy ring / network an organized group of spies шпионская организация / сеть: The spy ring passed secrets to the enemy.

8. intelligence officer / official [countable] офицер / сотрудник разведки, разведчик; агент разведки: He spoke to intelligence officers at several airbases and made sure that certain records were amended. | They say senior clerics conspired with high-ranking intelligence officials to carry out the murders.

9. to reconnoitre | to scout (out) [intransitive; transitive] (of soldiers, military aircraft or satellites) to try to get information about the size and position of enemy forces вести разведку, разведывать; производить рекогносцировку

to reconnoitre: I left a sergeant in command and rode forward to reconnoitre.

to scout (for sth): A team of four was sent to scout for a nuclear test site.

to reconnoitre sth: He was sent to Eritrea to reconnoitre the enemy position. | Lampard would not raid without reconnoitring the target first. | I have people scouting the hills already. | Their mission is simply to scout out places where helicopters can land.

10. to spy [intransitive] to secretly collect information about an enemy country or an organization you are competing against заниматься шпионажем, шпионить; следить

to spy: A former US diplomat has confessed to spying. | He said Hanssen had begun spying in 1979 and stopped voluntarily in 1981.

to spy for sb / sth: The agent spied for East Germany for more than twenty years. | Philby had been spying for the Russians for several years. | He confessed to spying for North Korea.

to spy on / against sb / sth: East and West are still spying on one another. | He was charged with spying on British military bases. | For years the satellite spied on secret weapon bases. | He was arrested for spying on missile sites. | I never agreed to spy against the United States.

11. to be in the pay of sb / sth if someone is in the pay of a person, organization or country, they are being paid by that person, organization or country to work for them, often secretly or illegally (used to show disapproval): Before becoming President, the general was in the pay of the CIA. | There were persistent rumours that the former head of British Intelligence was in the pay of the Soviet Union. | It emerged that some ministers were in the pay of the drug companies. | Several cops were in the pay of Colombian drug lords.

12. to infiltrate (1) [transitive; intransitive] to secretly join an organization or enter a place in order to find out information about it or harm it просачиваться, внедряться; проникать (в тыл противника)

to infiltrate sth: Police attempts to infiltrate neo-Nazi groups were largely unsuccessful. | Federal undercover agents infiltrated a Miami drug ring. | He was alarmed to find the army was being infiltrated by those he regarded as religious extremists. | Government agents were infiltrating paramilitary groups. | CIA agents infiltrated the group, looking for alleged subversives.

to infiltrate into sth: The soldiers infiltrated into the enemy defences. | Rebel forces have been infiltrating into the country. | Intelligence reports confirm that terrorists have infiltrated into the region.

(2) [transitive] to secretly put people into an organization or place in order to find out information about it or harm it внедрять, вводить: He claimed that some countries have been trying to infiltrate their agents into the Republic. | They repeatedly tried to infiltrate assassins into the palace.

13. infiltration [uncountable; countable] инфильтрация, просачивание; проникновение (в тыл противника): Enemy infiltration into our lines. | The security zone was set up to prevent guerrilla infiltrations. | Finally, weakened by infiltration and sabotage, Black Aid Action folded in 1967.