Impregnable fortress неприступная крепость

28. defensive (adjective) [only before noun] used or intended to protect someone or something from attack оборонительный; оборонный; защитный: These are purely defensive weapons, not designed for attack. | According to the report, only defensive weapons had been supplied to Iran. | The rockets are a purely defensive measure against nuclear attack. | The prince drew up his forces in a strong defensive position. | Police officers claimed that their actions during the riots were purely defensive. | Some past and current government officials say the program was intended for defensive purposes only. | He would scrap the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and permit defensive systems to guard against accidental firings or small-scale attacks by outlaw nations. | But each also has the capability of being built into defensive weapons systems.

defensive war / warfare оборонительные военные действия

29. retaliatory (adjective) [usually before noun] (formal) done against someone because they have harmed you ответный: a retaliatory attack / raid | retaliatory measures | Within twelve hours a retaliatory raid began. | In fact, no retaliatory action was taken. | There's been talk of a retaliatory blockade to prevent supplies getting through.

18.7. Retreat

1. to retreat [intransitive] to move away from the enemy after being defeated in battle or because of the danger of defeat отступать, отходить: to retreat on the capital

to retreat: The rebels retreated, pursued by government troops. | After the battle, Santa Anna retreated with his forces. | I ordered our troops to retreat and disappear like burning grass in the dry season. | Their soldiers had to retreat ignominiously after losing hundreds of lives. | The French, suddenly outnumbered, were forced to retreat.

to retreat from / to / into a particular place: Our troops retreated from the border to safer positions. | Attacks by enemy aircraft forced the tanks to retreat from the city. | At last we forced the enemy to retreat from the town. | The rebels retreated to the mountains. | Taylor was forced to retreat to the eastern outskirts of Monrovia on October 12 following aerial bombardment of his positions. | Announcing their victory the Dwarfs retreat to the mountains and refuse to fight any more.

to retreat in good order // in disarray: Even then these stubborn blue lines retreated in fairly good order. | Troops retreated in disarray under heavy gunfire.

2. to withdraw | to pull out | to pull back [intransitive; transitive] if an army withdraws / pulls out or is withdrawn / pulled out, it leaves a place отходить, отступать; отводить / выводить войска

to withdraw / pull back (from / to a particular place): He stated that all foreign forces would withdraw as soon as the crisis ended. | Our troops have withdrawn from the border area / to a safer area. | The troops began to withdraw from the northern region. | They were asked to pull back from their artillery positions around the city.

to pull out (of a particular place): Economic sanctions will be lifted once two-thirds of their forces have pulled out. | Troops began pulling out of the region as soon as the order was given. | British forces will pull out of the troubled area as quickly as possible.

to withdraw sb (from / to a particular place) | to pull sb back (from / to a particular place): Both countries agreed to withdraw their troops. | They withdrew their troops from an exposed position. | The UN has withdraw its troops from the country. | At nightfall Thomas withdrew his troops to Rossville, and the two-day battle was over. | Most of the troops have been pulled out. | We decided to pull back our forces and try to advance again tomorrow. | He pulled back forces from Mongolia, and he withdrew from Afghanistan.

to pull sb out (of a particular place): Most of the troops have been pulled out. | Troops are being pulled out of these troubled areas. | After many years of fighting, the soldiers were pulled out of the battle area. | British forces will be pulled out of the troubled area as quickly as possible.

3. retreat [countable – usually singular; uncountable] a movement away from the enemy after a defeat in battle or because of the danger of defeat отступление, отход; сигнал к отступлению: One after another the Italian bases in the desert fell as the retreat turned into a rout. | Russian resistance suddenly stiffened because there was no room for retreat. | Some three hundred men died during that awful retreat. | The Sandinistas were forced into a temporary retreat but returned later with reinforcements to do battle in the streets.

retreat from sb / sth: Napoleon's retreat from Moscow | News came in March that he had been captured and probably killed during the retreat from Teruel.

to make / carry out a retreat: The soldiers made a strategic retreat. | The regiment carried out its retreat in good order.

to sound the retreat to give an official signal to an army to move away давать сигнал к отступлению: General Hawkes sounded the retreat. | The bugler sounded the retreat.

to beat a retreat (informal) to leave a place quickly поспешно отступить: Cockburn decided it was time to beat a hasty retreat. | They were forced to beat a hasty retreat and arrived at their rendezvous with Morris's patrol on time.

(to be) in retreat: An army in retreat can be even more dangerous than one that is advancing. | Enemy soldiers are now in retreat.

to be in full retreat to be retreating very fast and continuously отступать по всему фронту: The army was in full retreat. | In June 1942, the British 8th Army was in full retreat. | The rebel forces are in full retreat. | Pope interpreted this movement to mean that the enemy were in full retreat.

to intercept the retreat отрезать путь к отступлению

hasty / precipitate retreat поспешное / неподготовленное отступление

4. withdrawal | pull-out | pullout | pullback [uncountable; countable] the act of moving an army, weapons etc away from the area where they were fighting вывод / отвод / отход / отступление войск: an orderly / precipitate / tactical / strategic / unilateral withdrawal

withdrawal / pull-out / pullback (of sb): a pullback of troops from the occupied territories | The commander-in-chief was given 36 hours to secure a withdrawal of his troops from the combat zone. | Both countries agree on the need for a phased withdrawal of American forces from the Philippines. | The pull-out was planned to spread over a month. | The pull-out of troops will begin after the treaty is signed. | The pull-out of the army paves the way for independence.

(troop) withdrawal (from / to a particular place): a withdrawal from an area / to an area | allied troop withdrawal from the north of the country | the Russian withdrawal from Afghanistan | Troop withdrawals will take place immediately. | Soviet troop withdrawals began on 15 May and were completed on schedule on 15 February 1989.

pull-out / pullback (from a particular place): a pull-out from the occupied territories | a pullback of troops from the occupied territories

partial // complete / full // full-scale withdrawal / pull-out / pullback частичный // полный // полномасштабный вывод / отвод войск: Partial troop withdrawals from Algiers began on July 4. | He is reported to be negotiating the complete withdrawal of the 1,500 Soviet military advisers. | But a complete withdrawal could trigger a new outbreak of fighting. | He replied that the UN had passed two major resolutions calling for a complete withdrawal. | Nearly half of those polled also said they would support a referendum on peace that required a full withdrawal from the Golan. | The loss of one vehicle and the leading tank's offensive capability was not enough to cause a full-scale withdrawal.

to make / carry out / implement a withdrawal / pull-out / pullback осуществлять вывод / отвод войск: The security forces made a tactical withdrawal from the area. | The government is planning to implement a second pullback from the area.

to complete a withdrawal / pull-out / pullback завершать вывод/ отвод войск