14. state of emergency [countable] a temporary system of rules to deal with an extremely dangerous or difficult situation, especially when this involves limiting people's freedom чрезвычайное положение

15. Martial law | curfew | state of emergency collocations

to be under martial law / curfew (в стране) действует военное положение / комендантский час: According to press reports, the country is now under martial law. | The town was under curfew, and access to journalists remained restricted for several day.

to declare / impose martial law / a state of emergency ввести / объявить военное положение / чрезвычайное положение: To restore order, the government declared martial law. | The government may declare martial law in response to the latest violence in the region. | Unlike past military rulers, General Musharraf has neither imposed martial law nor suppressed fundamental rights. | The government responded to the outbreak of violence by declaring a state of emergency in Bangkok and four surrounding provinces. | As rebel forces loyal to Nabiyev approached the capital, a state of emergency was imposed on October 22.

to place sth under martial law / curfew ввести / объявить военное положение / чрезвычайное положение: The whole town was placed under curfew. | The whole area was immediately placed under curfew and restrictions were not relaxed until December.

to impose a curfew (on / in / throughout sth) ввести / объявить комендантский час: On May 18 the state authorities imposed a dusk-to-dawn / all-night curfew. | The military regime decided to impose a curfew on the town. | On September 9 it imposed a night curfew in large parts of the republic. | The government imposed a night-time curfew throughout the country.

to lift martial law / a curfew / a state of emergency отменить военное положение / комендантский час / чрезвычайное положение: The military leadership have lifted martial law in several more towns. | Certain constitutional restrictions remained in force until March 22, but the curfew had been lifted as of March 6.

the imposition of martial law / a curfew / a state of emergency: Fighting in the capital led to the imposition of martial law.

the lifting of martial law / a curfew / a state of emergency: Many foreign commentators described the lifting of martial law as a cosmetic exercise. | There has been a call for the lifting of the state of emergency.

16. combatant [countable] someone who fights in a war воин, боец

17. non-combatant [countable] (1) someone who is in the army, navy etc during a war but who does not actually fight, for example an army doctor нестроевой солдат / сержант / офицер

(2) civilian someone who is not in the army, navy etc during a war гражданское лицо: Many innocent civilians were killed during the war.

18.2. Disposition of troops

1. disposition [countable; uncountable] the position or arrangement of something in a particular place диспозиция; дислокация: a map showing the disposition of the American forces | There are questions about the disposition of thousands of American troops in Germany.

2. to deploy [transitive; intransitive] to organize or move soldiers, military equipment etc so that they are in the right place and ready to be used развертывать(ся); размещать, дислоцировать; перебрасывать (на позицию)

to deploy sb (in a particular place / against sb): They decided it was time to deploy more troops. | Moreover, they were forced to deploy an army for both attack and defence. | Troops have been deployed in the area to counter a possible attack. | The army was deployed against demonstrators calling for an end to one-party rule and the release of detainees.

to deploy sth (in a particular place): NATO decided to deploy cruise missiles. | Either side could then deploy defences against missiles. | The US-made Patriot anti-missile system was deployed in the Gulf war. | This included the number of warheads to be deployed on submarines and other missiles.

to deploy sb / sth to a particular place: Evelyn Y. Gregory, when word came that she was being deployed to Bosnia.

to deploy to a particular place: Senior Marine Corps officers were preparing to deploy to the Gulf.

3. to position [transitive – always + adverb / preposition] to carefully put something or someone in a particular place размещать, дислоцировать: The French generals positioned thousands of troops along the border. | The army was positioned to the north and east of the city. | Federal troops were positioned around the city. | Army units are to be positioned at all major installations including factories and power stations.

4. deployment [uncountable; countable] the organization or movement of soldiers, military equipment etc so that they are in the right place and ready to be used развертывание; расположение, размещение; дислоцирование; базирование: the deployment of American forces in the region | the deployment of troops into townships | The General's visit to Sarajevo is part of preparations for the deployment of extra troops. | The Chief of Police ordered the deployment of 2,000 troops to try to stop the rioting. | Missile deployment did much to further polarize opinion in Britain. | The perpetuation of nuclear deployments is morally unacceptable.

5. position [countable – usually plural; uncountable] a place where an army has put soldiers, military equipment etc позиция; расположение: They were manoeuvring for position. | The enemy, aware of the strength of his position, simply sat still and waited for us.

military / battle position: UN Forces attacked Serb military positions around Sarajevo. | Government forces destroyed military positions and captured enemy soldiers.

enemy position позиция / расположение сил противника / врага: an attack on the enemy positions | Bombs were dropped on the enemy position.

fortified positions укрепленные позиции

defensive position оборонительная позиция, оборонительный рубеж, полоса обороны

offensive position наступательная позиция, позиция для наступления

to be in position находиться на позиции: As soon as his officers were in position, the police commander walked up the path towards the house.

to take up a position | to move into position занимать позицию: The troops took up their battle positions at the front line. | Some 28,000 US troops are moving into position.

to attack / storm a position атаковать позицию, нанести удар по позиции

to take / capture / occupy a position занять / захватить позицию

to hold a position удерживать позицию

to give up / surrender a position сдать позицию; капитулировать; потерпеть выражение

6. line [countable] the edge of an area that is controlled by an army, where soldiers stay and try to prevent their enemy from moving forward оборонительный рубеж; линия фронта: Their unit was shelling the German lines only seven miles away. | German armoured divisions pierced the Russian lines.

line of defence линия обороны

to break through the line(s) прорвать оборону: They finally broke through the German line.

behind / inside (enemy) lines в тылу (противника): Paratroopers were dropped behind enemy lines to capture key points on the roads into the city. | Airborne troops were dropped by parachute behind enemy lines. | They were taken prisoner while on a reconnaissance mission behind enemy lines. | There was little or no sabotage behind the lines. | One regiment was trapped behind enemy lines. | The base was stationed 100 miles inside enemy lines.

7. front | front line [countable] the area where two armies face each other and fight during a war фронт, передовые позиции, передовая; линия фронта; авангард He joined the army, and was immediately sent to the front. | Her husband was shot down over the Western Front. | These front-line defences are backed up by armoured units in reserve.

at / on the front: Her husband is fighting at the front. | There has been no activity on this front. | Her grandfather spent four years on the Western Front. | Yet the news wasn't all bad on the northern front.

at / in / on the front line(s): Tens of thousands of soldiers died at the front line. | It would be like having all our soldiers in the front line at the same time. | 68% of people approve of women fighting on the front lines.

behind / beyond the front line: We were now just a few kilometres behind the front line. | Or his practice of filming in the front line, and even beyond the front line?

8. the field (of battle) the time or the place where there is fighting in a war – used especially to talk about fighting in general район боя; поле боя / сражения: Civilians walked miles to villages away from the field of battle.

in / on the field (of battle): The new weapon has not yet been tried out in the field. | The new tank has yet to be tested in the field. | He was awarded a medal for distinguished service in the field. | It is better to negotiate than to settle political disputes on the field of battle. | Numbers on the field of battle counted for little.

9. battlefield | battleground [countable] a place where a battle is being fought or has been fought поле боя / сражения: The need to win air superiority over the battlefield was as vital as ever. | They carried the wounded from the battlefield. | The helicopters are designed to quickly lift soldiers and equipment to the battlefield. | New guns firing high explosive shells were incorporated into the battlefield.

on / in a battlefield / battleground: Thousands died on the battlefields of northern France. | Thousands of soldiers met their doom on this very battlefield. | The Gulf War was a disaster for men and women fighting together on the same battlefield.

10. home front [singular] the activities and living conditions of the people who stay at home during a war тыл (вся страна в противоположность фронту): Other news from the home front.

on the home front в тылу: It was correctly viewed as the low point of wartime morale on the home front. | During World War I she was conspicuous for her public relief work on the home front. | The film is set on the home front in 1943. | Racial violence on the home front and the war abroad contended for headlines.

11. the rear [singular] the back part of an army, fleet, etc тыл: We moved from the orchard taking the prisoners with us and leaving the wounded to be taken to the rear.

from the rear с тыла: The column was attacked from the rear. | They had us pinned with fire from the front, the left flank, and the rear.

to bring up the rear to be at the back of a line or group of people замыкать (колонну)

12. flank [countable] a position on the right or left side of an army, or the people in that position фланг: The right flank was less well defended and the nature of the terrain complicated defences. | A troop of enemy cavalry trotted towards the Dutch right flank.

on the (right / left) flank на (правом / левом) фланге: I was out on the flank with my platoon, and to my right was some high elephant grass. | Four 109s came in on the left flank, firing from such a ridiculous range that Patterson knew the pilots were inexperienced.

from the flank с фланга: The assault element, led by Captain Ramirez, opened up from their right flank.

flank attack фланговая атака

to attack the (right / left) flank | to make a (right / left ) flank attack | to attack the enemy on the (right / left) flank атаковать противника с фланга: We were attacked on our left flank.

to turn the enemy's flank обойти фланг противника