15. Arms control and disarmament

1. arms control [uncountable] the attempts by powerful countries to limit the number and types of weapons that exist контроль над вооружениями: We committed ourselves to arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation and to the conclusion of a chemical weapons convention this year. | There may be no missile that is survivable, affordable and compatible with arms control. | Both countries agreed to implement arms control agreements. | They say that it could erode existing arms control agreements and lead to a new arms race. | Bush made an important speech on arms control policy last week in Washington. | Old Cold War-era arms control issues linger on, needing to be negotiated away.

2. disarmament [uncountable] a process by which a country reduces or gets rid of its weapons or armed forces разоружение; демилитаризация: He said that he thought it wrong to encourage a military spirit, and that it was contrary to the ideals of disarmament. | Negotiations for disarmament have in general led nowhere. | Unfortunately, President Reagan's cold-war rhetoric has worsened the climate for disarmament talks. | The Mitterrand Government also announced their plans for worldwide disarmament initiatives covering nuclear, chemical and biological weapons. | The league was charged also with responsibility for collective security, so that individual states could embark on a programme of disarmament.

nuclear disarmament ядерное разоружение: The world appears to be moving towards nuclear disarmament. | In a way, nuclear disarmament makes matters worse. | In the long term, however, assuring peace and true national security requires some type of mutual and verifiable nuclear disarmament. | The goal would be to increase political stability in the region and accelerate the pace of nuclear disarmament. | Might this not be the moment to give nuclear disarmament a push, by keeping the test-ban promise?

general / universal disarmament всеобщее разоружение

complete / total disarmament полное разоружение: He saw total nuclear disarmament in the grasp of his President, then saw it slip away.

general and complete disarmament всеобщее и полное разоружение: The Assembly also adopted the 13-part Resolution 45/58 on general and complete disarmament.

partial disarmament частичное разоружение

multilateral / bilateral disarmament многостороннее / двустороннее разоружение: Their new Social Democratic Party favoured multilateral disarmament as opposed to unilateral nuclear disarmament. | The next government will play an energetic role in seeking multilateral nuclear disarmament.

unilateral / one-sided disarmament одностороннее разоружение: Not so long ago Mr Kinnock was strongly committed to unilateral disarmament. | As late as last year a narrow conference majority wanted to hold the party to unilateral nuclear disarmament. | Unpopular policies such as unilateral disarmament were ditched.

disarmament agreement / treaty соглашение / договор о разоружении: The challenge for the negotiators was as great as for any disarmament treaty. | And it could monitor the implementation of disarmament treaties.

3. to disarm (1) [intransitive] to reduce the size of your armed forces and to reduce the number of your weapons or get rid of them разоружаться: It is difficult to persuade the Great Powers to disarm. | Both sides must disarm before the peace talks. | Terrorist groups are unlikely to disarm. | He wanted to disarm to give his people a better standard of living.

(2) [transitive] to take away someone's weapons so that they can no longer use them разоружать: U.N. peacekeepers will disarm both forces. | The troops will not attempt to disarm the warring militias. | Five hundred rebels were captured and disarmed.

4. non-proliferation [uncountable] the limiting of the number of nuclear or chemical weapons in the world, especially by stopping countries that do not yet have them from developing them нераспространение (ядерного / химического оружия): The declaration deals with disarmament and the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. | All that argues for the vigorous pursuit of nuclear non-proliferation. | That is the most difficult and persistent area of non-proliferation.

non-proliferation of weapons: The declaration deals with disarmament and the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons.

to pursue non-proliferation проводить политику нераспространения: We must also pursue nuclear non-proliferation as vigorously as we can.

(nuclear) non-proliferation treaty договор о нераспространении (ядерного оружия): Over 20 countries have now signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. | France today announced its plans to join the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. | Both countries are signatories to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

5. neutral (adjective) (1) not supporting any of the people or groups involved in an argument or disagreement нейтральный: The army has remained largely neutral in the unprecedented fight to force democratic reform from Milosevic. | The television coverage was by no means neutral. | Those who had decided to remain neutral in the struggle now found themselves required to take sides.

(2) a country that is neutral does not support any of the countries involved in a war нейтральный: Switzerland remained neutral during World War II. | The Congress endorsed a call for neutral countries to mediate between the belligerents. | Nor was the aim ever to destroy an opponent since this might draw neutral states into a hostile coalition. | Otherwise the neutral zone can become an utterly bewildering array of possibilities. | The peace conference would have to be held in a neutral country. | Russia promised to remain neutral unless Germany attacked France.

neutral territory / waters land or sea that is not controlled by any of the countries involved in a war нейтральная территория, нейтральные воды: In this war, there's no neutral territory.

on neutral ground / territory in a place that is not connected with either of the people, groups, or countries that are involved in a discussion, argument, war, or competition на нейтральной территории: The talks will be held on neutral ground. | Let's meet on neutral territory.

6. neutrality [uncountable] the state of not supporting either side in a war, disagreement etc нейтралитет: This was an unusually specific Soviet comment in the 1970s on neutrality in the Third World. | Their hand-in-glove co-operation has destroyed the final pretence of army neutrality in eastern Bosnia. | But this argument by itself does not justify political neutrality. | In it two standards of neutrality conflict.

strict neutrality строгий нейтралитет

armed neutrality вооруженный нейтралитет

to declare one's neutrality заявлять о своем нейтралитете

to assume neutrality занимать нейтральную позицию: They assume objective political neutrality.

to maintain / observe neutrality сохранять нейтралитет: The Queen has maintained political neutrality throughout her reign. | She maintained a cold neutrality, concentrating on what was, blocking out what might be.

to abandon neutrality отказываться о нейтралитета: Sweden isn't likely ever to abandon its traditional neutrality.

neutrality ends: In 1917, U.S. neutrality ended when two of their ships were torpedoed. | After Pearl Harbor, U.S. neutrality ended.

policy of neutrality политика нейтралитета: The doctrine of political neutrality seeks to implement it through a policy of neutrality.

7. neutral | neutralist [countable] a country or person that is not fighting for or helping any of the countries involved in a war нейтральное государство; нейтральный / незаинтересованный человек: Sweden and Switzerland were neutrals during the war. | For Britain, Switzerland was a useful and friendly neutral.

8. to neutralize [transitive] to make a country or population neutral in a war объявлять нейтральной зоной; исключать из сферы боевых действий: The priority was to neutralize the borderlands against the Whites and foreign intervention, to ensure the military security of the Republic.

9. to demilitarize [transitive – usually passive] to remove military forces and weapons from an area so that there can be no fighting there демилитаризировать; разоружать: He said the UN had made remarkable progress in demilitarizing the region.

10. demilitarization [uncountable] демилитаризация; разоружение: He said demilitarization of the country was out of the question.

11. demilitarized zone an area where it is not allowed to have military forces or installations, usually as a result of an official decision to end a war демилитаризованная зона / территория: A demilitarized zone has been created on the border between the warring countries. | The area could be turned into a demilitarized zone. | The demilitarized zone between the two countries is heavily guarded.