3. to spread [intransitive] to cover, reach or affect a larger area or a larger number of people распространяться: Nuclear weapons quickly spread all over the world. | UN leaders were sure that the conflict would not spread to neighbouring countries. | American ground troops are to join the UN peacekeepers to try to stop the war from spreading.

4. to proliferate [intransitive] (formal) to increase quickly and spread to many different places распространяться; разрастаться; быстро увеличиваться: Nuclear weapons have proliferated all over the world. | In recent years commercial, cultural, travel and other contacts have proliferated between Europe and China.

5. spread [singular] the growth or development of something, so that it covers, reaches or affects a larger area or a larger number of people распространение: There were concerns about the spread of fighting to other regions. | Thanks to the spread of modern technology, trained workers are now more vital than ever. | The greatest hope for reform is the gradual spread of information.

6. proliferation [singular, uncountable] a sudden increase in the amount or number of something распространение; быстрое увеличение

7. nuclear (weapons) proliferation распространение ядерного оружия: Nuclear proliferation has returned to centre stage in international affairs. | Suddenly nuclear proliferation became a high-priority concern in Washington. | Under nuclear proliferation safeguards, plutonium shipments have to be accompanied by armed vessels. | Lugar has devoted most of his ad time and speeches to foreign policy, particularly the threat of nuclear proliferation. | The legislation stated that the plant posed serious environmental hazards and increased the risk of nuclear proliferation. | Discussions of future reactor safety should revolve about two critical issues: nuclear waste disposal and nuclear weapons proliferation.

8. Spread | proliferation collocations

the spread / proliferation of sth: He campaigned for peace and against the spread of nuclear weapons. | The rapid spread of small arms and light weapons facilitate the recruitment of child soldiers. | Such conditions fuelled discontent and facilitated the spread of radical ideas.

to lead to / result in the spread / proliferation of sth приводить к распространению чего-л., быть причиной распространения чего-л.

to contribute to / encourage the spread / proliferation of sth содействовать / способствовать / потворствовать / попустительствовать распространению чего-л.

to halt / stop the spread / proliferation of sth остановить распространение чего-л., положить конец распространению чего-л.: It would also put in jeopardy the global effort to halt the spread of nuclear weapons. | Halt the nuclear arms race, for one thing; stop the spread of nuclear weapons, for another. | Such exemplary action would do much to halt the spread of these evil weapons.

to prevent the spread / proliferation of sth предотвращать распространение чего-л.: The aim of US foreign policy at that time was to prevent the spread of communism. | Thus, it remains essential to maintain adequate defences against such dictators and to prevent the further proliferation of nuclear arms. | We will in addition work for a global ban on chemical and biological weapons and stronger controls to prevent proliferation of ballistic missiles.

9. to deter [transitive] to stop someone from doing something by making them realize it will be difficult or have bad results удерживать (от совершения чего-л.); отпугивать: It is time to go beyond the shibboleth that conventional forces, unlike nuclear ones, cannot deter.

to deter sb (from sth / doing sth): Will atomic weapons deter powerful nations from war? | The government proposed measures to deter potential aggressors. | Supporters of the death penalty argue that it would deter criminals from carrying guns.

to deter sth: These measures are designed to deter an enemy attack. | The main aim of cruise missiles is to deter an attack. | Arming the police doesn't deter crime.

10. deterrent [countable] something that makes someone less likely to do something by making them realize it will be difficult or have bad results средство устрашения; средство сдерживания: As in human warfare, chemical defences are essentially deterrents rather than everyday weapons. | His idea of a minimum deterrent is to maintain 2,500 warheads.

deterrent to / against / for: A deterrent must still be maintained against any small country that puts together a bomb and threatens to nuke an American city. | Investigate the extent to which capital punishment is a deterrent to murder.

to act / serve as a deterrent: Whether that would act as a deterrent is, of course, another question altogether. | Tougher prison sentences may act / serve as a deterrent to other would-be offenders.

nuclear deterrent the nuclear weapons that a country has in order to prevent other countries from attacking it ядерные силы / ядерное средство устрашения / сдерживания: The nuclear deterrent has been very effective in ensuring the security of the west over the past 40 years. | We are the only party unambiguously committed to the preservation and modernization of our independent nuclear deterrent. | Britain's credible and effective independent nuclear deterrent is the ultimate guarantee of our security.

to build / deploy a nuclear deterrent развертывать ядерные силы сдерживания: The idea of building a nuclear deterrent is completely off the political agenda.

the deployment of a nuclear deterrent развертывание ядерных сил сдерживания: We will complete the deployment of the next generation of Britain's minimum nuclear deterrent.

11. deterrence | containment [uncountable] the threat of using a particular weapon as a way to stop an enemy from attacking сдерживание; устрашение; политика сдерживания: a policy of nuclear deterrence / containment | the concept of deterrence | the Cold War policy of containment | The government is pursuing a policy of containment / a containment policy. | Dulles used massive retaliation as the chief instrument of containment. | Containment and traditional deterrence, relied on for the past half-century, are clearly no longer adequate to deal with the new world of terrorists armed with weapons of mass destruction. | Furthermore, the threat of pre-emption could be seen, and used, as a form of deterrence.

containment by deterrence сдерживание путем устрашения (Доктрина "сдерживания коммунизма", первоначально выдвинутая в 1946 Дж. Кеннаном, с 1952 предусматривала опору на ядерное оружие как главный гарант эффективности силового давления на СССР и его союзников в политической, военной и экономической сферах.)

nuclear deterrence the threat of using nuclear weapons as a way to stop an enemy from attacking ядерное устрашение / сдерживание: There is no sign that nuclear deterrence can prevent all conflicts. | How does that set an example to countries that he wishes to discourage from adopting nuclear deterrence? | Yet the theory of nuclear deterrence assumes the reverse.

12. to escalate [transitive; intransitive] to become, or make something become, much worse or more serious расширять, обострять (конфликт, положение); расширяться, обостряться (о конфликте, положении); перерастать

to escalate sth: We do not want to escalate the war. | Defeat could cause one side or other to escalate the conflict. | Rebel forces have escalated the fighting. | The decision to escalate UN involvement has been taken in the hopes of a swift end to the hostilities.

sth escalates: The war escalated, on the ground, in the air, and at sea. | The fighting on the border is escalating. | Gunfire could be heard in the city all day, but the violence escalated late in the evening. | When the focus is upon the potential for violence, the threat escalates. | The tension escalated until it became unbearable.

sth escalates into / to sth: Any one of these border disputes could escalate into war. | The local war escalated into a major conflict. | After the Soviet Union disintegrated in 1991, the protests escalated into war. | Incidents escalated into violence with ever-increasing frequency. | The acute danger of any use of nuclear weapons is that this could escalate to a full-scale strategic exchange between the superpowers.

13. to step up [transitive] to increase the size, amount or speed of a process that is intended to achieve something расширять, увеличивать; усиливать, повышать (напряжение): The US government stepped up its war against terrorism. | Following the bomb explosion, security has been stepped up at the airport. | Security is being stepped up to deal with the increase in violence. | And it left open the fourth option, to step up military action against Hanoi and otherwise escalate the war. | There are reports of stepped-up fighting in El Salvador.

to step up efforts наращивать усилия: He urged donors to step up their efforts to send aid to Somalia. | The police are stepping up their efforts to fight crime.

14. escalation [uncountable; countable] эскалация, увеличение масштабов, расширение, распространение; обострение (конфликта и т. п.): The threat of nuclear escalation remains. | The US military wants to avoid the graduated escalation that marked the Vietnam War. | From the point of view of the environment, stopping the war before there is further escalation and use of weapons of mass destruction is paramount.

escalation in / of sth: It's difficult to explain the recent escalation in / of violent crime. | Any unexpected circumstance that arises may catalyze a sudden escalation of violence. | He said that the aim was to send a clear message to the Lebanese Government, Hezbollah and 'indirectly' to the Syrians that the escalation of Hezbollah attacks on Israeli forces had to stop.

15. to stockpile | to build up | to amass [transitive] to collect, for example large amounts of weapons and military equipment накапливать, наращивать: The Superpowers are stockpiling nuclear arms. | The rebels have been stockpiling weapons. | An enormous volume of explosives was stockpiled inside one of the buildings. | Both sides have built up huge stockpiles of arms. | War has become inevitable because of the weaponry which both sides are amassing.

16. to build up [intransitive] to gradually become bigger or greater накапливаться, наращиваться; усиливаться: Enemy forces have now built up to a dangerous strength. | The tension built up to a climax. | Tension is building up between the two communities.

17. build-up [countable – usually singular] a gradual increase in the amount or level of something наращивание, увеличение (сил, средств); сосредоточение: There has been a build-up of troops on both sides of the border. | The build-up of troops in the region makes war seem more likely. | This could signal the biggest military build-up since the Cold War. | The "Open Skies" plan was designed to protect nations against military build-up and surprise attack.

18. arsenal | stockpile | stock | supply [countable] a large collection of weapons and military equipment запас; резерв: an arsenal / stockpile / stock / supply of (nuclear) weapons / missiles / guns / ammunition | a nuclear / arms arsenal / stockpile | nuclear / arms arsenals / stockpiles / stocks / supplies | We saw a case for considering what our nuclear arsenal would be and whether it was completely necessary. | Some 2,600 Russian troops, once under the command of Alexander Lebed, a Russian presidential contender, still guard a huge arms stockpile. | In resuming strategic-arms negotiations with the Soviet Union in 1982, U.S. President Ronald Reagan renamed the talks START and proposed radical reductions, rather than merely limitations, in each superpower's existing stocks of missiles and warheads. | The IRA had extensive supplies of arms.

to have / hold / possess an arsenal / stockpile / stock / supply of weapons: The country is believed to have stockpiles of chemical weapons. | They have a stockpile of weapons and ammunition that will last several months. | It is perhaps that long-term perspective which is at the root of present-day concern over the nuclear arsenal held by the superpowers. | They possess a formidable arsenal of rifles, machine guns, landmines and teargas.

to build up / increase an arsenal / stockpile / stock of weapons создавать / накапливать / наращивать запасы оружия: Both sides have built up huge stockpiles of arms. | The country has been building up its stock of weapons.

an arsenal / stockpile / stock of weapons builds up / increases / piles up запасы оружия увеличиваются / накапливаются: The nuclear arsenals of the superpowers have increased.

to maintain an arsenal / stockpile / stock / supply of arms иметь / сохранять запасы оружия: Power was dependent on maintaining a stockpile of arms and professional soldiers.

to reduce / cut an arsenal / stockpile / stock of weapons сокращать запасы оружия: We welcome the proposals to reduce the superpower arsenals. | The country has agreed to reduce its nuclear arsenal. | The United States and Russia hope to conclude a treaty to cut their nuclear arsenals by two-thirds. | The two leaders also approved treaties to cut stockpiles of chemical weapons.

to destroy a nuclear arsenal / stockpile // a stock of weapons ликвидировать запасы ядерного оружия: Russia and the other republics are committed to destroying most of their nuclear arsenals.

a reduction / cut in a nuclear arsenal / stockpile // a stock of weapons сокращение запасов ядерного оружия: They must show potential proliferators that they are prepared to secure further reductions in their nuclear arsenals.

19. militarized (adjective) a militarized area is one that is controlled by an army and has a lot of weapons and soldiers in it милитаризованный: North Korea is said to be the world's most heavily militarized country, with over 1 million men in the armed forces. | Kalinigrad is a highly militarized zone.