12. Morale

1. morale | fighting spirit [uncountable] the level of confidence and positive feelings that people have, especially when in a dangerous or difficult situation боевой дух / настрой; моральное состояние: His death dealt a severe blow to the army's morale. | The failing morale of the enemy helped to shorten the war. | The failed coup caused a dramatic loss of morale within the army. | On the battlefield armament was still much less important than discipline and fighting spirit. | With so many enemies, we need a great deal of fighting spirit.

high / good // low / poor morale высокий / низкий боевой дух: Morale among the soldiers has been low. | The army's sudden collapse has been attributed to poor leadership, exhaustion and poor morale. | Many pilots are suffering from low morale. | Morale is low, and many people are disillusioned.

to boost / lift / raise / improve / build morale поднимать боевой дух: Churchill's visit did a great deal to boost morale among the troops. | They hope to boost the morale of their troops. | He decided his first task was to try to raise the battered morale of his troops. | An effort was made to improve the morale and morals of the army. | This autonomy not only fosters responsive government, it builds morale and unleashes creativity.

to keep up / maintain morale поддерживать боевой дух: I do accept that occasionally it's necessary to promote a volunteer in order to keep up morale in the ranks. | The media feels pressure to keep the morale of the country up in wartime. | The real reason, we believe, was to maintain public morale and support for the war.

to restore / recover morale восстанавливать боевой дух: These men helped to restore the morale of our army. | The army recovered its morale and fighting power.

to destroy / undermine / diminish morale подрывать боевой дух, деморализовать, вносить разложение: Recent national reforms undermined their morale. | Sensible and justifiable decisions, properly communicated would raise morale rather than diminish it.

2. valour (literary) | bravery | courage [uncountable] the ability to do something that you know is right or good, even though it is dangerous, frightening, or very difficult бесстрашие, героизм, мужество, неустрашимость, отвага, смелость, храбрость: He was promoted to the rank of major in recognition of his valour during the battle. | It was an act of the utmost bravery and disregard for personal safety. | He reached high rank and for bravery was made a Hero of the Soviet Union.

to demonstrate / display / show valour / bravery / courage проявлять отвагу / мужество / бесстрашие: He showed outstanding bravery. | The partisans showed great courage, but some of them had to withdraw from the Parma Apennines down towards Tuscany.

to decorate sb for (one's) valour / bravery / courage | to decorate sb with a medal | to award sb a medal for (one's) valour / bravery / courage награждать (знаком отличия): He was decorated for bravery / valour in the war. | The Queen decorated the young soldier for courage in the face of the enemy. | The young soldier was decorated with the Military Cross for bravery. | After the war, my uncle was awarded a medal for (his) bravery.

to get / receive / win earn a medal (for sth) получать медаль / орден: In 1944, he won the Military Cross for bravery.

3. exploit | heroic / brave / daring deed | deed of valour | brave / heroic feat | feat of valour [countable – usually plural] a brave and exciting adventure that someone has had подвиг, героический поступок; деяние: The wicked characters are imprisoned, and Wilkin is made a captain for his heroic deed in battle. | His heroic deeds were celebrated in every corner of India. | Wagner in his day preached purity of heart and heroic deeds.

heroic / military / wartime exploit: This was not his last military exploit, however. | His wartime exploits were later made into a film and a television series.

to perform / do an exploit / heroic deed совершать подвиг: Therese, who died of tuberculosis in 1897 at the age of 24, performed no great deeds while she was alive. She's always helping people and doing other good deed.

to perform / accomplish / achieve a brave feat / heroic feat / a feat of valour совершать подвиг: the woman who performed the feat of sailing around the world alone | Crawford was still in camp during the 1918 season, and was able to perform great feats for Wellington. | He led his team to victory for the tenth time, a feat no captain had achieved before. | Steger crossed Antarctica, and performed a similar feat at the North Pole. | At one level this has enabled him to achieve the considerable feat of maintaining reasonably stable government for more than twenty years.

4. to betray [transitive] | to sell out [transitive; intransitive] (informal) (1) to be disloyal to your country or a person, often by doing something harmful such as helping their enemies предавать, изменять, продавать

to betray sb / sth (to sb / for sth): He was accused of betraying his country during the war. | You have betrayed your country and your religion. | In wartime many people accused of betraying their country were executed. | The group were informers, and they betrayed the plan to the Germans. | For years they betrayed Britain's secrets to Russia. | There are people who are prepared to betray their country for money. | The West was shocked and felt betrayed.

to sell sb / sth out: French farmers feel they've been sold out by their government in the negotiations.

to sell out to sb / sth: The officer was charged with selling out to the enemy. | Many of his Greenwich Village associates thought Dylan had sold out to commercialism.

(2) to stop supporting your old beliefs, principles, ideals, especially in order to get power or avoid trouble предавать, изменять; продаться

to betray / sell out your beliefs / ideals / principles / promises etc: Greene was denounced for betraying his Catholic beliefs and siding with the Communists. | The new government has betrayed the ideals of the revolution. | Who had persuaded the other to defect, to betray his fundamental principles in the name of personal loyalty? | The government has been accused of betraying its election promises. | The country has sold out its principles in yielding to the demands of a small but powerful group.

to sell out: When the Socialists changed their policy on nuclear weapons they were accused of selling out. | Many of the radicals of the 1960s sold out – they became accountants and salesmen.

5. betrayal [uncountable; countable] the act of betraying your country or a person, often by doing something harmful such as helping their enemies предательство, измена: Additionally there were protests from the Elf colonies in the Old World who saw the departure of the armies as a betrayal. | Some politicians are calling the President's policy a betrayal of American principles. | This was the first in a series of betrayals.

6. sell-out | sellout [singular] (informal) (1) a situation in which someone has not done what they promised to do or were expected to do by the people who trusted them предательство, измена: Anti-nuclear campaigners are calling the president's acceptance of nuclear testing a complete sell-out. | Several groups have decried the peace accord as a sell-out. | His decision to become a Socialist candidate at Sunday's election was simply a sell-out.

(2) someone who has not done what they promised to do or who is not loyal to their friends or supporters, especially in order to become more popular, richer etc предатель, изменник; ренегат: Many black students regarded him as a sellout.

7. treachery (1) [uncountable] behaviour or an action in which someone is not loyal their country or to a person who trusts them измена, предательство; вероломство: Selling military secrets is an unforgivable act of treachery. | When the king learned of his brother's treachery, he quickly ordered his execution. | Treachery was the ultimate sin. | Corley said she was standing down as leader because of the treachery of her own colleagues.

(2) [countable – usually plural] a disloyal action against someone who trusts you измена, предательство

8. treason [uncountable] the crime of being disloyal to your country or its government, especially by helping its enemies or trying to remove the government using violence измена, предательство; государственная измена: She was imprisoned by Mary on charges of treason. | It is treason to sell military information to a foreign power. | She deserved to die for attempted treason.

high treason treason of the worst kind государственная измена: Any criticism of the emperor was treated like high treason. | They were shot yesterday after being convicted of mutiny and high treason. | Stone was arrested on a charge of high treason on 3 May 1794 and was taken to the Tower of London.

treason against sb / sth: an act of treason against the state | The offence constituted an act of treason against the constitutional government.

to plot treason организовывать / составлять заговор; замышлять измену

to commit (high) treason предавать, изменять: How do we know Buckingham committed treason?

to try sb for (high) treason / on charges of (high) treason судить по обвинению в измене: He was now arrested, tried for treason for his support of Jane Grey and condemned to death. | He was tried on charges of treason and served nine years of a 13-year sentence.

(to be) guilty of (high) treason виновный в измене: The spy was guilty of high treason.

to accuse sb of / charge sb with (committing) (high) treason обвинять в измене, предъявлять обвинение в измене: Richter is accused of committing treason against the state. | He was accused of treason against the nation for his willingness to negotiate with Texas and the United States. | He was then accused of treason and eventually beheaded. | On June 8, 1862, he was arrested and charged with treason. | All five of the men will be charged with committing treason against the state. | Thirteen people have been charged with treason – an offence which can carry the death penalty.

to convict sb of (high) treason | to sentence sb for treason признать виновным в измене, осудить за измену: The defendant was convicted of high treason and sentenced to death. | Norris was sentenced to 20 years for treason.

to acquit sb of (high) treason оправдать по обвинению в измене

to execute sb for (high) treason казнить за измену: Guy Fawkes was executed for treason after he took part in a plot to blow up the British Parliament building.

9. treacherous (adjective) someone who is treacherous pretends that they support you but secretly tries to harm you, for example by helping an enemy изменнический, предательский; вероломный: a treacherous plot to overthrow the leader | treacherous behaviour / thoughts | It was treacherous to reveal such secrets to the enemy. | The President spoke of the treacherous intentions of the enemy.

10. treasonable | treasonous (adjective) if something is treasonable / treasonous, the law considers it to be treason изменнический, предательский: a treasonable act against the head of state | treasonable activities | a treasonable offence | They were brought to trial for treasonable conspiracy. | It is treasonous to deal with the enemy during wartime.

11. traitor [countable; uncountable] | betrayer [countable] someone who is not loyal to their country, friends, or beliefs; someone who tells secrets about their own country to a country that is their enemy предатель, изменник: There were traitors among us who were sending messages to the enemy. | The leaders of the rebellion were hanged as traitors.

a traitor to sb / sth: Adams was a spy, and a traitor to his country. | The press increased its din and accused all who favoured a peaceful settlement of being traitors to the nation. | When he left Nicaragua for the US, he was denounced as a traitor to the revolution.

to turn traitor (to sb / sth) to became a traitor стать предателем / изменником: Of millions of men and women, only a handful turned traitor. | The politician turned traitor to the King / government / state.

12. bullying | hazing (American English) [uncountable] дедовщина