23. commissioned officer [countable] a military officer who has a commission офицер (в отличие от младшего командного состава): Only commissioned officers qualify for the Military Cross.

24. non-commissioned officer | NCO [countable] an officer of low rank in the British army; a member of the armed forces who has achieved the rank of officer by rising from the lower ranks rather than by receiving a commission военнослужащий сержантского состава, сержант; унтер-офицер: He chose to stay in the army as an NCO. | But it was appalling to me to see the lack of career NCOs out in the front lines. | Now, not only do you have a green lieutenant, but you also have green NCOs.

25. Enlisted man солдат; военнослужащий рядового или сержантского состава

enlisted men / personnel / troops солдаты; военнослужащие; военнослужащие рядового или сержантского состава: I had a very good relationship with my officers and my enlisted men. | One is the contrast between the way officers and enlisted personnel are treated. | The same is true with regard to enlisted troops, if the conduct has a direct and palpable effect upon the military.

enlisted (adjective) having a rank below that of an officer in the armed forces

26. to raise | to recruit | to build up [transitive] to collect together a large group of people, especially soldiers собирать / набирать / формировать армию: The rebels quickly raised an army. | In 1066 William the Conqueror raised an army and invaded England. | Each province and each city state has its own separate army which it recruits, trains, and maintains. | The regime built up the largest army in Africa.

27. to mobilize [transitive; intransitive] to prepare, or to order the armed forces to prepare, to fight, especially in a war мобилизовать; мобилизоваться: Britain mobilized its forces. | The government has mobilized several of the army's top combat units. | Troops have been mobilizing for the past three weeks. | Sudan even threatened to mobilize in response to the ultimatums. | It means that their whole army will mobilize.

28. to demobilize [transitive; usually passive; intransitive] to release someone from the armed forces, especially at the end of a war демобилизовать: Large numbers of soldiers were demobilized. | Key points of the UN plan include disarming and demobilizing the rebel troops. | Unemployed demobilized soldiers drifted towards the cities. | It is highly unlikely that the rebels will agree to give up their weapons and demobilize.

29. to disband [transitive; intransitive] to stop existing as an organization, or to make something do this распускать, расформировывать: Even David Rice Atchison was forced to disband his army. | All the armed groups will be disbanded. | The rebels were to have fully disbanded by June the tenth.

30. mobilization [uncountable; countable] мобилизация

to order mobilization призывать в армию, объявить призыв в армию / мобилизацию

to carry out mobilization осуществлять призыв в армию / мобилизацию

full / general mobilization всеобщая мобилизация

partial mobilization частичная мобилизация

31. demobilization [uncountable] демобилизация: The government had previously been opposed to the demobilization of its 100,000 strong army.

11. Attitudes to war

1. loyal (adjective) faithful to your country, friends, principles etc верный, преданный; лояльный; верноподданный: Klein prided himself on being a loyal subject who had served his adopted country with honour.

to be / feel loyal to sb / sth: Dennis will always be loyal to this government, whatever it does.

2. patriotic (adjective) having or expressing strong feelings of love, respect, pride and duty towards their country (used to show approval) патриотический: patriotic fervour / pride | Relatives remembered him as a deeply patriotic man. | The volunteers were fortified by their patriotic belief. | At Llewellyn's funeral service, she was remembered as a patriotic American who had served her country well. | I'm not very patriotic.

the Great Patriotic War Великая Отечественная война

3. nationalist (adjective) trying to achieve political independence for a particular nation национально-освободительный: Nationalist candidates managed to win only one seat in the elections. | The newspaper has campaigned vigorously for the nationalist cause. | The crisis has set off a wave of nationalist feelings in Quebec.

4. nationalistic | nationalist | chauvinistic | chauvinist | jingoistic believing that your own nation is better than any other nation, and having no respect for people from other countries (used to show disapproval) националистический, шовинистический, ура-патриотический: They were encouraging nationalistic sentiment among the students. | As nationalistic feelings grew, life became increasingly difficult for immigrants. | Political life has been infected by growing nationalist sentiment. | The crowd was enthusiastically singing chauvinistic songs.

5. xenophobic (adjective) showing strong dislike or fear of people from other countries and cultures ненавидящий иностранцев: The party is right-wing and xenophobic. | Xenophobic nationalism is on the rise in some West European countries.

6. warlike (adjective) aggressive and eager to start a war; experienced at fighting in wars воинственный: | a warlike stance / speech | warlike behaviour / preparations | The Scythians were a fiercely warlike people. | They were warlike and imperialistic. | The world is uneasy and some regions are warlike, but peace generally reigns.

warlike attitude воинственность

7. belligerent (adjective) (1) aggressive | pugnacious (formal) | bellicose (formal) very unfriendly and wanting to argue or fight агрессивный, воинственный, боевой; драчливый; враждебный, готовый начать войну: Then the sections of the Second International divided up between the different belligerent powers. | The President was in a pugnacious mood when he spoke to journalists about the rebellion. | | The general made some bellicose statements about his country's military strength. | The government is continuing its bellicose statements threatening tough action against illegal strikes.

(2) (formal) [only before noun] warring being at war with another country воюющий, находящийся в состоянии войны: They tried to arrange a truce between the belligerent nations / powers. | Fighting between the various warring factions was destroying the country.

8. militaristic (adjective) used to describe groups, ideas, or policies which support the strengthening of the armed forces of their country in order to make it more powerful (used to show disapproval) милитаристский: a militaristic regime / government / policy

9. defeatist (adjective) behaving in a way that shows you think you will fail пораженческий, капитулянтский: It is difficult to understand why the Democratic leadership should have been quite so defeatist in 1981. | Being defeatist will get us nowhere. | Yet it would be wrong to end this chapter on a defeatist note.

(to have / adopt) a defeatist attitude: He's got such a defeatist attitude. | There is no point going out there with a defeatist attitude.

10. disloyal (to sb / sth) (adjective) unfaithful to your country, friends, principles etc нелояльный, предательский, изменнический, вероломный: He felt he had been disloyal to his friends. | Treason therefore was a crime no greater than being disloyal to one who claimed to be an overlord.

11. allegiance | loyalty [uncountable; countable – usually plural] the quality of being faithful to a leader, country, belief etc верность, преданность, лояльность: They should be based wherever possible on existing boundaries in order to maintain continuity and build upon traditional loyalties. | Our entire culture is built around those loyalties. | Don't let political loyalties affect your judgement.

allegiance / loyalty to sb / sth: For the bureaucracy, allegiance to the Emperor came before democratic representation. | Her loyalty to the cause is impressive. | Loyalty to the person of the monarch gave way to allegiance to the abstraction of the state. | A spirit of nationalism, national self-consciousness, and loyalty to constituted authority were in embryonic evidence.

to swear / pledge allegiance / loyalty (to sb) клясться в верности, присягать на верность; брать на себя обязательство соблюдать лояльность: Soldiers must swear allegiance to the Crown / the King. | They swore allegiance to the government / the flag of the United States of America. | In many American schools, the students pledge allegiance (to the flag) at the beginning of the school day. | Then he pledged loyalty to Frick and to his leadership.

to proclaim / declare allegiance / loyalty заверять в своей преданности, заявлять о своей верности / лояльности: Opposition leaders have proclaimed their allegiance to the new government.

to owe / give allegiance to have a duty to someone быть верным / преданным: You owe allegiance to your king. | New ruling administrators owed allegiance to the state. | But it is not only Marxists who argue that bureaucracies may owe their primary allegiance to a particular class.

to switch / transfer allegiance (to sb / sth) to start to support a different a leader, country, belief etc: The reasons they switched their allegiance included anxiety about globalization, a rejection of political corruption and fear of immigration. | If Henry failed to abide by these terms his barons were to transfer their allegiance to Philip and Richard.

to renounce / repudiate allegiance отказываться присягнуть на верность: He expressed his admiration for the educational efficiency of the Jesuits and politely renounced his allegiance to their church.

to feel loyalty (to / towards sb / sth) чувствовать преданность: These people feel a lot of loyalty to / towards the country.

to develop loyalty (to / towards sb / sth) почувствовать преданность: She developed strong loyalties to the Manet family.

to command / inspire loyalty to have someone's loyalty вызывать чувство преданности / лояльности: Much will depend on whether the government of Mr Hun Sen can continue to command the loyalty of its troops and bureaucrats. | But in the long run the city of Mondovi could not command the loyalties of its dependent territory. | He commands uncommon loyalty from workers despite sometimes harsh personnel policies. | She inspires great loyalty among her staff.

to show / demonstrate loyalty (to / towards sb / sth) выказывать преданность: He has been netted by the Hague tribunal because no one showed greater loyalty to Karadzic. | As Wendy's birthday fell on the Saturday her endeavours showed true loyalty to the Royal cause.

to win loyalty завоевать преданность / лояльность: These moves were hardly calculated to win her loyalty, already strained by Edward's favourites.

to maintain loyalty (to sb / sth) | to remain / stay loyal (to sb / sth): For their part, the Kamajors maintained their loyalty to the ousted president and vowed to see to his return to power. | The country's armed forces remained / stayed loyal to the elected government. | The army remained loyal to the government / president / constitutional order.

divided / mixed loyalties two strong feelings of loyalty that you must choose between; a feeling of wanting to be loyal to two people or groups that oppose each other: The war has created divided loyalties in many families, setting brother against brother and father against son.

to divide loyalties: It would probably divide its loyalties between the competing political authorities, leading in the worst case to civil war. | The death and destruction tore apart families whose political loyalties were also divided in what was essentially a civil war.