10. Military service

1. to serve (1) [intransitive] to perform official duties, especially in the armed forces служить в армии, состоять на службе в рядах вооруженных сил

to serve in the (armed) forces / army / navy / air force: He served in the Army from 1975 to 1980. | He served more than 20 years in the army. | Koester served in the navy for eight years.

to serve in / with an army / command / service: My uncle served in / with the 8th Army. | During the second world war he served with RAF Coastal Command. | Paul Alexandre, his loyal and sympathetic supporter, left Paris to serve in the army medical service.

(2) [transitive] to spend a period of time doing useful work or official duties for an organization, country, important person etc служить: And let's not forget the women who served their country in the war. | It is unfair to soldiers who have served their country well for many years.

2. service [uncountable] work in the armed forces, for example during a war (военная) служба: The regiment was recruited from the Highlands specifically for service in India.

to see service to perform service служить: an aircraft carrier that saw service in World War II | Tony saw service during the Gulf War.

3. military service | national service (especially British English) | selective service (American English) [uncountable] the system of making every adult, or every male adult, serve in the armed forces for a limited period of time военная служба; воинская повинность: All men under thirty-five were told to report for military service within three days. | After completing his national service in the Army, the youthful Dawson decided to go to Paris in search of literary inspiration. | Banks spent his national service in the Royal Navy.

compulsory military / national service воинская повинность, обязательная военная служба

universal military / national service всеобщая воинская повинность

to do / undertake military / national service проходить военную службу: Many conscripts resent having to do their military service. | He has to do his military service before going to university. | In some countries, everyone does two years' national service after leaving school. | Jehovah's Witnesses' religious beliefs precludes them from undertaking compulsory national service.

to volunteer for military / national service поступить добровольцем на военную службу: They volunteer for military service prior to age 18.

to avoid / evade / dodge military service уклоняться от / избежать призыва на военную службу: Franken also avoided military service with student deferments while at Harvard and, ultimately, a high lottery number. | He can't evade doing military service forever. | He boasts of dodging military service by feigning illness.

to abolish / abandon compulsory military / national service отменять обязательную военную службу / воинскую повинность: In Britain, national service was abolished in 1962.

to exempt sb from military / national service освобождать от военной службы / выполнения воинской повинности: Why was he exempted from military service?

to be exempt from military / national service не подлежать призыву на военную службу

exemption from military / national service освобождение от военной службы: They will consider introducing exemptions from military service.

alternative to military / national service альтернативная военная служба: They will consider introducing alternatives to military service.

4. (military) deferment | deferment of military / national service [uncountable; countable] отсрочка (от военной службы / призыва в армию): conflicts over the deferment of national service for French students | When I entered Columbia Law School my military deferment was in default. | Franken also avoided military service with student deferments while at Harvard and, ultimately, a high lottery number.

5. to conscript | to call up (British English) | to draft (American English) [transitive] to make someone join the armed forces призывать на военную службу

to conscript / call up / draft sb: Peter was conscripted like every other young man. | I was called up three months after war broke out. | The United States has called up some 150,000 military reservists. | A nationwide census, carried out every three years, was used to draft conscripts.

to conscript / draft sb into the army: He was conscripted into the army at the age of 18. | Young Frenchmen were conscripted into the army and forced to fight in Algeria. | He was drafted into the army in 1942. | During the Second World War, he was drafted into the US Army.

6. to recruit | to enlist | to sign up [transitive] to get people to join the armed forces вербовать / набирать / призывать / зачислять на военную службу

to recruit / enlist / sign up sb: Most of the men in the village were recruited that day. | He helped to recruit volunteers to go to Pakistan to fight. | They enlisted many recruits. | Three thousand men were enlisted.

to recruit sb into / enlist sb in the army | to recruit sb from sb / sth: Even young boys are now being recruited into the army. | At the outbreak of war, he was enlisted in the army. | Most private soldiers are recruited from the working classes. | Were men for the Navy recruited from men on merchant ships?

7. to enlist | to sign up | to sign on [intransitive] to join the armed forces поступать на военную службу

to enlist / sign on / to sign up: In the first year of the war a million men enlisted voluntarily. | If you join the army you have to sign on for at least three years. | How many men have signed on so far?

to enlist in / sign up for the armed forces / army / air force / navy / marines: When younger, she had treated her son so harshly that he left home and enlisted in the army. | He enlisted in the air force and eventually became a pilot. | They both enlisted in the navy a year before the war broke out. | Frank enlisted in the marines at the age of 19. | Some older men did enlist in the home guards and could be seen drilling each morning and evening. | Many men sign up for the army because they can't find ordinary jobs.

to enlist / sign on / sign up as sth: In 1942, Louis enlisted as a private. | He enlisted as a private in the Mexican War. | He signed on as a soldier in the US army.

to enlist for military service: The alacrity with which northerners enlisted for military service whenever warfare flared up on the Border speaks for itself.

8. to volunteer [intransitive] to agree to join the armed forces without being forced to do it поступать (добровольцем) на военную службу

to volunteer: When war broke out, my father volunteered immediately. | Andy didn't wait to be drafted – he volunteered.

to volunteer for the armed forces / army / air force / navy: He volunteered for the army in 1939. | He volunteered for the Navy when war broke out.

to volunteer for (military / war) service: They volunteer for military service prior to age 18. | No doubt some of them volunteered for war service a year later. | Most of them volunteered for service in Bosnia.

to volunteer as sth: She volunteered as a nurse in a soldiers' rest-home.

9. to join [transitive] | to join up [intransitive] to become a member of the armed forces поступать на военную службу:

to join sth (as sth): He joined the Army five years ago. | He joined the Royal Air Force during the war, after which he settled in London. | Two younger sisters have also joined the force. | When the Civil War broke out, Walker tried to join the Army as a surgeon.

to join up: He joined up right after leaving school. | When hostilities broke out he returned to England and joined up.

10. conscription [uncountable] | the draft (American English) | call-up [countable] (British English) the practice of making people join the armed forces воинская повинность; обязательная военная служба; набор (в армию), призыв на военную службу: Paradoxically he is the only free man in the community, as he pays no taxes and is not subject to conscription. | Many young men are trying to get away from compulsory military conscription. | All adult males will be liable for conscription. | The call-up of National Guard and reserve units began in late August. | A quota of ten men a day, and if we accept extra men we can reduce our conscription period.

to introduce conscription // compulsory military / national service вводить воинскую повинность / обязательную военную службу: He's been worried that the government will introduce conscription ever since the war began. | The Military Training Act of 1939 effectively introduced conscription in peacetime for the first time in Britain's history.

(the) introduction of conscription // compulsory military / national service: In April 1939, under pressure from Tory backbenchers, the Government announced the introduction of military conscription.

to abolish / abandon conscription // compulsory military / national service отменять воинскую повинность / обязательную военную службу

to avoid / evade / dodge conscription / the draft уклониться от / избежать призыва на военную службу: Many young men went abroad to avoid the draft. | During the Vietnam war, he moved to Canada to dodge the draft.

11. recruitment [uncountable] the practice of finding people to join a military force or an organization набор, вербовка, привлечение к военной службе, комплектование личным составом: The Air Force is mounting an aggressive pilot recruitment campaign.

12. draft dodging (especially American English) [uncountable] the act of avoiding an order to join the armed forces уклонение от призыва на военную службу

13. enlistment [uncountable; countable] (1) the act of joining the armed forces добровольное поступление на военную службу; вербовка в состав вооруженных сил; зачисление на военную службу: Canadians seek enlistment in the US Marines because they don't see as much opportunity in the Canadian armed forces.

(2) enlistment period the period of time for which someone is a member of the armed forces срок службы добровольца (по контракту): Only 31 percent of sailors re-enlist after their first enlistment period.

to extend one's enlistment продлить срок службы по контракту

14. conscript | draftee (American English) [countable] someone who has been made to join the armed forces призывник, новобранец: conscript soldiers | Many conscripts receive only the most basic training. | The average number of conscripts in training has fallen from 80,000 to about 15,000.

15. recruit [countable] someone who has recently joined the armed forces новобранец, призывник: Recruits were being drilled on the parade ground. | No questions were asked as long as recruits accepted the harsh conditions and the unit's strict code of honour.

raw / fresh / new / green recruit someone who is completely untrained: Raw recruits were trained for six months and then sent to the war front. | Drill sergeants have eight weeks to turn fresh recruits into soldiers.

16. (army) recruiting centre / office [countable] призывной пункт: A bomb exploded at an army recruiting office.

17. recruiting officer | recruiter [countable] офицер, отвечающий за призыв на военную службу: a Marine recruiter

18. call-up papers [plural] повестка о явке на призывной пункт: He protested strongly when his call-up papers came. | He was imprisoned between 1988 and 1990 for refusing his call-up papers.

to receive / get call-up papers получать повестку: She was very upset when her boyfriend received his call-up (papers). | He got his call-up papers in July.

to serve call-up papers (on sb) вручать повестку: The Ministry of Defence served call-up papers on 390 army reservists.

19. volunteer [countable] someone who joins the armed forces without being forced to do it доброволец, волонтер: They fought as volunteers with the Afghan guerrillas. | What I want now is two volunteers to come down to the front.

to recruit volunteers набирать добровольцев

20. draft dodger [countable] (especially American English) someone who illegally avoids joining the armed forces even though they have been ordered to join лицо, уклоняющееся от призыва на военную службу: They thought he was a draft dodger, and it wouldn't be long before some one came to the correct conclusion.

21. commission [countable] the position of an officer in the armed forces звание офицера, офицерский чин: He accepted a commission as a naval officer.

to have a commission иметь звание офицера / офицерский чин

to award sb a commission | to award a commission (to sb) | to confer a commission (on sb) давать / присваивать звание офицера / офицерский чин

to get / receive / win / obtain / earn a commission получать звание офицера / офицерский чин: to win a battlefield commission | He obtained a commission in the Royal Air Force.

to resign one's commission подавать / уходить в отставку (с военной службы): Haley was asked to resign his commission.

22. to commission [transitive; usually passive] to make someone an officer in the armed forces давать / присваивать звание офицера / офицерский чин

to be commission (by sb): He was called to Washington and commissioned by President Lincoln.

to be commissioned (as) sth: She was commissioned a second lieutenant. | He was commissioned as second lieutenant in the Air Force.

to be commissioned into sth: He was commissioned into the Royal Engineers.