
- •Unit 4 semantic aspects of interpretation Main points
- •4.1 Semantic structure of the oral message and its main components
- •4.2 The role of the rhematic components in comprehending and interpreting oral
- •Speech of Mrs Jones (Soc.) at the Plenary Session of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, 1999
- •4.3 Rendering of the “evaluative component” of messages in interpreting
- •Practice section 4
- •References
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in unit 4
Practice section 4
Questions for discussion
1. How are the notions of “meaning” and “sense” treated by modern linguistics?
2. What are the main elements of the semantic structure of the message?
What elements does the proposition of the utterance consist of?
What is the role of the “pragmatic component” of utterances?
What is the role of the deictic component of utterances?
What is the role of the modal component of utterances?
Which evaluative components should not be omitted in interpretation? Give reasons why.
Which evaluative components may be omitted in interpretation without considerable losses of meaning?
Practical assignments
Assignment 1. Listen to the phonogram of Text 4.1 (Speech of Mrs Jones) and indicate deictic, modal and evaluative components in it. Suggest the structure of the pragmatic component of this text. Get ready to interpret the text into English in a consecutive mode.
Assignment 2. Give English words and expressions equivalent to the following Ukrainian ones from Text 4.2. Compare your options with the keys.
акт геноциду; віддати шану; немовля; благодійна акція; збірна України з футболу; миротворці; Герої Крут (Крути – залізнична станція між Бахмачем і Ніжином, біля якої 17.01.1918 р. відбувся бій сотні Першої Військової школи ім. Б.Хмельницького та сотні Помічного Студентського Куреня з наступаючими на Київ більшовицькими військами); село Павлокома (невелике село у Польщі, де 61 рік тому назад польські екстремісти знищили українське населення. Зараз там влаштовано меморіал); Рада ООН з прав людини; спрощення візового режиму; плекати толерантність; примирення; Універсал національної єдності; політикум (тут політичні кола); злагода; старші покоління; Різдво; кутя
Assignment 3. Listen to the phonogram of Text 4.2 looking into the transcript and get ready to interpret it into English in a consecutive mode paying special attention to rendering of its deictic, modal and evaluative components.
Text 4.2
Звернення Президента України Віктора Андрійовича Ющенка до українського народу з нагоди Нового 2007 року
Дорогий Український народе,
Надійшла святкова пора, світла і радісна пора Новорічних і Різдвяних свят.
Минає п’ятнадцятий рік нашої незалежності. Я дуже хочу, щоб в цю мить кожен з нас глибоко, найглибше усвідомив: ми всі є часткою України, ми всі відповідальні за неї.
Яким цей рік залишиться для нас? Я згадую, насамперед, події, де основну роль відіграла позиція суспільства, вчинок людини, досягнення особистості.
У 2006 році, з волі людей, Верховна Рада України визнала Голодомор 1932-33 років актом геноциду. Це подія історичного масштабу, найбільш значущий факт національного життя у році, що минає. Ми віддали шану минулому, щоб йти вперед. Ми вчимося жити майбутнім.
Цього року в нас народилося майже 400 тисяч немовлят. Це прекрасні цифри, в них є Бог, в них є життя.
Ми перестаємо бути байдужими. Наймасштабнішою за роки незалежності стала благодійна акція “Дитяча лікарня майбутнього”, яка об’єднала всю Україну.
Соціологія стверджує, що за 2006 рік серед українських громадян на 20% зросло почуття патріотизму, а головним рушієм зростання стала молодь Півдня і Сходу.
Є радість від того, що збірна України з футболу увійшла до вісімки найкращих команд світу.
Є гордість за українських миротворців, завдяки яким порятовано сотні тисяч життів.
Є відчуття консолідації, коли ми святкуємо ювілей Львова і ювілей Дніпропетровська, коли зводимо пам’ятник Героям Крут і загиблим українцям у селі Павлокома у Польщі.
Є відчуття зовнішнього інтересу до України і нашої міжнародної активності – через обрання України до Ради ООН з прав людини і через спрощення для українських громадян візового режиму Європейського Союзу.
Є відчуття реальної свободи і доконаний факт економічного поступу. Українська економіка демонструє одні з найвищих у Європі темпи зростання. На 20% збільшились доходи людей.
Досягнення держави починаються з нас.
Треба усвідомити: Україна – це держава з єдиною мовою, культурою, тисячолітньою історією і власним національним характером. І крім цього, Україна – держава, де має плекатися толерантність.
Я шаную слова мудрості Глав церков в Україні на підтримку ідей примирення і порозуміння. Україна має потужний ресурс єдності. Це найважливіший висновок року.
Ми зуміли дотриматись демократичного курсу і провести перші чесні вибори.
Ми вперше сформулювали політичний план розвитку країни – Універсал національної єдності.
І водночас, суспільство стало свідком того, що український політикум знівелював вагу взятого зобов’язання.
Я звертаю увагу на три прості пріоритети:
Українські політики мають дотримуватись домовленостей;
У владі не може бути атмосфери війни;
Україні потрібне нове дихання. Нам потрібні нові імпульси в економіці, у створенні єдиного національного гуманітарного простору.
Ми зустрічаємо Новий Рік. Я щиро бажаю Українському народу злагоди, єдності і добра у 2007 році. Я прошу в Господа захисту для нашої країни.
І з щирими побажаннями звертаюся до кожного громадянина і до кожного покоління. Я бажаю достатку, тепла і затишку старшим поколінням. Я бажаю вдачі і наснаги тим поколінням, які сьогодні несуть головну відповідальність за стан в Україні і в суспільстві. Я бажаю наполегливості, стійкості і натхнення молодшим поколінням.
Усім нам я бажаю міцного здоров’я, щастя і любові.
Я бажаю нам гарних святкувань, веселого Різдва і смачної куті.
Я вітаю Тебе, мій дорогий Український народе, з 2007 роком.
Перший національний телеканал, 31.12.2006,
http://1tv.com.ua/,
Офіційне Інтернет-представництво Президента України,
http://prezident.gov.ua/news/data/print12891.html
Assignment 4. Give Ukrainian words and expressions equivalent to the following English ones from Text 4.3. Compare your options with the keys.
G8 Summit; Gleneagles; Climate Change; Millennium Development Goals (a UN programme); life expectancy; to plum; emerging economies; my Right Honourable Friend (when speaking in the British House of Commons an MP will refer to an MP of the same party as “my Right Honourable Friend”, abbr RHF); Development Secretary (Secretary of State for General Development – a UK cabinet minister, responsible for promoting development overseas and for the Department of International Development); Chancellor of the Exchequer; HIV/AIDS; Polio (abbr for poliomyelitis); African Union Stand-By Force; governance; transparency; accountability; good governance; Anna Tibaijuka; UN Security Council; the run-up; Make Poverty History (UK Campaign asking for developing countries’ debts to be cancelled); Live 8 (coined from “Live Aid” – sequel charity event focused on global debt); greenhouse gas emissions; Kyoto agreement (also Kyoto Protocol – a document, which demands that states should reduce greenhouse emissions); Jim Wolfensohn; the Quartet’s envoy for disengagement (the Quartet on the Middle East is foursome of nations, international and supernational entities involved in the peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It includes the United States, Russian Federation, the European Union and the United Nations); poignant; riposte
Assignment 5. Listen to the phonogram of Text 4.3 looking into the transcript. Get ready to interpret this text in a consecutive mode into Ukrainian paying special attention to rendering of its deictic, modal and evaluative components.
Text 4.3
Tony Blair: Prime Minister’s Statement to the Parliament on the G8 Summit, 11 July, 2005
With your permission, Mr Speaker, I would like to make a statement on the G8 Summit, which I chaired at Gleneagles last week.
There were two major issues on the agenda for this summit – Africa and Climate Change. These subjects were chosen because they represent huge problems for the world, which require concerted action, by the international community. Africa is the only continent in the world which, without change, will not meet any of the Millennium Development Goals. Although there are success stories in Africa, nonetheless four million children under five die in Africa every year. Three thousand children die a day simply from malaria. Fifty million African children do not go to primary school. Life expectancy is plummeting and by 2010 it will be down to just 27 years in some African countries, so Africa is an immediate moral cause, which commands our attention.
Climate Change is perhaps the most long-term serious threat to our environment. Already sea ice in the Arctic has shrunk by one million square kilometres; the ten hottest years on record have all occurred since 1991; and sea levels are rising. Until now, however, the international community has been divided, with no agreement on the nature or urgency of the problem, what to do about it, or how to start a discussion which would involve both the United States and the key emerging economies such as India and China.
On Africa, the Commission for Africa, which I established last year, set out a comprehensive plan for dealing with the Continent's problems.
At Gleneagles we agreed a doubling of aid for Africa that is an extra $25 billion a year by 2010, as part of an overall increase of $50 billion for all developing countries, which will start to flow immediately. This was made possible by a series of new pledges by G8 partners in the weeks before the summit – notably, the European Union's aid increase of an extra $38 billion, the American and Canadian decisions to double aid to Africa, and Japan's pledge at the summit of an additional $10 billion over the next five years. This is a mighty achievement, not just for the Summit but for the millions of decent people worldwide who have campaigned so long and hard on this issue. I would like to thank not only fellow leaders but also my Right Honourable Friend the Development Secretary and most particularly my Right Honourable Friend the Chancellor for their work in securing this.
In addition again, thanks to the work of my Right Honourable Friend the Chancellor of the Exchequer, we agreed to cancel 100% of the multilateral debts of the Highly Indebted Poor Countries. This could amount in a total to some $55 billion of relief. We also agreed a special package of debt cancellation for Nigeria worth around $17 billion.
The G8 put particular emphasis on health and education in Africa. We agreed free primary education and basic health care for all and we agreed specific measures:
On HIV/AIDS, to provide as close as possible to universal access to treatment by 2010;
On Malaria, to reach 85% of the vulnerable with bed nets and drugs and that is in order to save 600,000 children's lives a year by 2015.
On Polio, the UK has agreed the funding to eradicate Polio this year and the G8 has agreed to ensure that the programme is fully funded in the years ahead.
But this help will not make a difference unless we also take action to end conflicts and create conditions of stability. That means above all supporting the African Union's ability to deploy its forces to prevent and resolve conflicts. We confirmed our commitment to train and equip 75,000 troops by 2010, mainly for Africa, including for the 20,000 strong African Union Stand-By Force.
On trade, we agreed that we should establish a credible end date for agricultural export subsidies and the British Government wants the Hong Kong World Trade Ministerial meeting to agree to an end date of 2010. I believe on the basis of my discussions last week that this is possible. And we also agreed at Gleneagles concrete measures to build Africa's capacity to trade and recognised poor countries' need to determine their own economic and trade policies.
This was the most detailed and ambitious package for Africa ever agreed by the G8. However, none of it can be implemented or can improve the lives of African citizens without significant improvements in standards of governance, transparency and accountability. This is a partnership, not an act of charity. In the end, only Africans can lead and shape Africa. We can help but every government in Africa that betrays the principles of good governance betrays Africa. The G8 unanimously deplored recent developments in Zimbabwe. And the UN Secretary General told us that his envoy, Anna Tibaijuka, will report back to the UN Security Council and will do so within days.
So, Mr Deputy Speaker, this summit of itself cannot end poverty in Africa. But it should mark a turning point. I pay tribute to the organisations around the world who care passionately about Africa and who made their voice heard to the G8 leaders in the run-up to Gleneagles. It was a remarkable and brilliantly led campaign by people who have long demonstrated their commitment and I particularly praise the contribution of Make Poverty History and the organisers of Live 8. Faith groups, schools, businesses and many millions of concerned people attached to no formal organisation, made their demands, protested for them reasonably and gave political leaders the support they needed to turn a campaign into a victory.
In respect of climate change, our discussion included the leaders of China, India, Brazil, South Africa and Mexico.
We were able here to do four things. First we agreed that Climate Change was indeed a problem, with human activity contributing to it. Second, that we had to tackle it with urgency. Third, that in order to do that, we have to slow down, stop and in time reverse greenhouse gas emissions. Gleneagles had adopted an action plan to exploit cleaner technologies, which meet our energy needs and safeguard the climate, including measures to develop technologies such as bioenergy, cleaner coal, to promote energy efficiency, and measures to finance investment in clean technologies in emerging economies.
Fourth, we put in place a new dialogue involving the G8, the emerging economies and the key international institutions. The purpose of this is to create a pathway to a post Kyoto agreement, so that when Kyoto expires after 2012, the world can act with unity. The new Dialogue between the G8 and the 5 and others will have its first meeting in the UK in November.
The G8 also gave its strong support to the Middle East Peace Process and pledged its support for a package of assistance worth up to $3 billion a year for Palestine. We gave warm backing to the mission of Jim Wolfensohn, the Quartet's envoy for disengagement, who reported to us at the summit. I continue to think that progress in the Middle East between Israelis and Palestinians is an enormous part of creating a fairer and more secure world.
Inevitably, some will be disappointed with aspects of the G8 Summit. But on any realistic basis, on the two hardest issues on the international agenda, there was progress, in the case of Africa immense progress. We now have to build on this, using our EU Presidency at the UN Summit in September and the Hong Kong ministerial meeting on trade in December.
Of course the task is now to implement what has been agreed. But just for a moment assume we can. If so, millions of children will not die when otherwise they would have. Africa will change its destiny from one of decline to advance. The values of democracy, freedom and the rule of law will be strengthened further still. And on the environment, if we can implement what is agreed, today's largest economy can achieve agreement with the largest economies of tomorrow to get the framework, technology and policy in place to reverse the threat of global warming.
Such progress, if achieved, would be the most poignant and powerful riposte to the forces of terrorism.
http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/page308.asp