Vocabulary

variety to vary	a lot of different types of things or people – разнообразие, многообразие, различие, выбор, вид, разновидность The college offers a wide variety of language courses. – Колледж предлагает большой выбор языковых программ Potatoes can be cooked in a variety of ways. – Картофель можно приготовить различными способами to be different from each other; to change – варьироваться, меняться, разнообразить The flowers vary in colour and size. – Цветы отличаются по цветам и размерам His moods seem to vary according to the weather. – Кажется его настроение меняется как погода You need to vary your diet. – Ты должен разнообразить диету
Castle	a large building, typically of the medieval period, fortified against attack with thick walls, battlements, towers, and often a moat - замок; дворец to build castles in the air / in the sky / in Spain — строить воздушные замки An Englishman's house is his castle. — Дом англичанина - его крепость.
to evolve	to develop gradually, or to make something develop - развивать, выводить (теорию и т. п.), эволюционировать, выявлять, обнаруживать; прослеживать, развиваться, устанавливать, , Our relationship evolved into a warm friendship. – Наши отношения переросли в настоящую дружбу.
to tend tendency	to usually do something My car tends to overheat. – Моя машина постоянно перегревается People tend to need less sleep as they get older. – Существует тенденция, что человеку, чем старше он становится, требуется все меньше сна. an inclination towards a particular characteristic or type of behaviour He has a tendency to talk too much. – Он имеет склонность много болтать. Some people may inherit a tendency towards alcoholism. – Некоторые люди могут унаследовать пристрастие к алкоголю. a general change or development in a particular direction There is an increasing tendency for women to have children later in life. – Существует растущая тенденция для женщин заводить детей все позднее.

Exercise 50. Translate the sentences from English into Russian.

1. The Tower of London is a great castle that was built in the XI century.

2. The United Russia has dominated the Parliament for more than 10 years.

3. Will you do the homework for me? – No chance.

4. We really wanted to help him. We came and offered our help, but he sent us home saying he didn’t care about the consequences.

5. What currency dominates the world today?

6. The House of Tudor failed in 1603 with the death of Elisabeth I of England who had no children.

7. Let’s settle our affairs. We have a lot to discuss.

8. We found the evidence quite by chance.

9. You must learn to contain your temper.

10. "What do you wear when you go out?" "Well it varies."

11. I wanted a job with plenty of variety.

12. Her parents separated last year.

13. Prices vary from £15 to £25.

14. The award should be enough to cover her college fees.

15. We must drive home the message that crime will be punished at any rate.

16. The report covers the problems of hunger and unemployment in the Third World countries.

17. The relations between the USA and Russia evolved through many years.

18. I would like to offer my thanks for your help.

19. She suggested a new method of learning words.

Exercise 51. Identify a word or word combination by its definition.

1. to have impact on something

2. a building for human habitation

3. to hold within

4. to divide into several parts.

5. to change

6. to include or deal with something

7. to develop

8. to end an argument or disagreement

9. a general change or development in a particular direction.

10. to happen in a particular place or situation

11. an outlying district of a city, especially a residential one

Exercise 52. Find in the box synonyms to the words below. Explain the difference. Provide examples to illustrate the meanings of the words.

To control, well-known, to protect, luck, to influence, to rule, fortune, to check, to include, to arrange, prominent, to detach, to distinguish, significant, to begin, probability, to disconnect, to change, distinguished, to differ, to hide, essential, to comprise, to resolve, to happen, to calm, to take place, famous, to initiate, primary, grandiose, genuine, to restrain, to arise

to dominate	- - -
to contain	- - - -
to separate	- - -
to vary	- -
to cover up	- -
to settle	- - -
to occur	- -
to originate	- - -
a chance	- - -
important	- - -
Outstanding	- - - -
Original	- -

Exercise 53. Choose the right word among the synonyms.

1. The Queen (rules/ dominates) in Great Britain.

2. These books (differ/ change) in content.

3. The list (contains/restrains) 15 names.

4. The prices at the cars (vary/differ) from 20 000$ to 25000 depending on the reseller.

5. The report (covers up/comprises) the topic of rapid growth of unemployment.

6. How did it (happen/ take place)?

7. Let’s (settle/arrange) the problem now. I won’t have enough time tomorrow.

8. She had to (contain/ check) her indignation

9. The husband and wife (separated/ disconnected). It was decided that the children would stay with the mother.

10. It’s a pure (chance/fortune) that I met him.

11. The candidates (vary/ change) in their opinions.

12. It’s a (famous/well-known) fact that human (begins/ originates) from monkeys.

13. He is (famous/ notorious) for stealing Mona Lisa.

14. I sometimes have difficulty (distinguishing/separating) Spanish from Portuguese

15. It's a very (original/genuine) idea.

16. The building (originated/arose) in the XI century.

17. The Constitution (restrains/contains) the power of the government, legislature or any other authority.

18. Who did the idea (originate/ begin) with?

19. (Settle/ resolve) the meeting for 2 o’clock tomorrow morning.

20. Today you will be (a distinguished/ an outstanding) guest.

21. Stop talking nonsense you should know how to check yourself

22. The (primary/original) picture was sold for 200 000$

23. Tara could hardly believe her (fortune/chance).

24. Jane (hid/protected) her face. She didn’t want to show that she was crying.

25. He is a top manager. His decision will (dominate/ influence)

Exercise 54. Complete the gaps using the words and word combinations. Make sure that you use the correct grammatical form.

1. Business managers are focused on increasing their personal wealth by any available ________________________.

2. It often happens that the real tragedies of life ________________________ in such an inartistic manner that they hurt us by their crude violence, their absolute incoherence, their absurd want of meaning, their entire lack of style.

3. After the coffee had been brought in, he stopped, and looking over at Lord Henry, said, "Harry, did it ever ________________________ to you that Basil was murdered"?

4. The USA has ________________________ the world since the beginning of the last century.

5. The legal system of England ________________________ through centuries.

6. Smith dreamt of entering the ________________________.

7. We moved to another city and made ________________________at a very friendly ________________________.

8. There is no other place like ________________________.

9. The educational centre ___________________ a _____________________ of leisure activities

10. I know how to become rich. The University is a ______________________ to an end.

11. Can you give me your car – Not a ________________________.

12. Brooklyn is one of the ________________________ of New York.

13. It did not ________________________ to her to plan just what they would do if he should declare his love for her in unmistakable words.

14. The South had always lived by selling cotton and buying the things it did not ________________________, but now it could neither sell nor buy.

15. The report ___________________________ the essential problems that _______________________ the news.

16. The ________________________ of its development is positive.

17. It was an unsuitable connection, and did not ________________________ much happiness.

Exercise 55. Paraphrase using your active vocabulary.

She could never forget her humble origins (=the low social class she came from).

They will be sent back to their country of origin.

For many years, Picadilly Circus at the junction of five busy streets has been a famous London landmark. At its heart there is a bronze fountain topped by a figure of a winged archer. The statue is popularly called Eros, the pagan god of love, but it was in fact designed in the XIX century as a symbol of Christian charity - a monument to Lord Shaftsbury, a philanthropist.

On the other bank of the Thames, opposite the Houses of Parliament, there is the Tate Gallery. It was built in 1897 and was presented to the nation by Sir Henry Tate, the sugar refiner. It houses a permanent collection of British art. The collection includes works of art by British artists from the Elizabethan age to the present days, but it is particularly rich in XIX century pictures as it includes the huge Turner bequest of nearly 300 canvases. Turner, on his death in 1851, left instructions in his will that the contents of his studio: the oil-paintings and some drawings were to be exhibited in a special gallery, that was to be built by the trustees of the National Gallery with funds left by him for the pur­pose. The Gallery also has a continual programme of loan exhibitions of British artists of past centuries and modern artists from all over the world.

Not far from the Houses of Parliament there is Buckingham Palace the Queen's official resi­dence in London. It was built by Duke of Buckingham in early XVIII century, hi 1762 it was sold to George III, then it was rebuilt by Nash for George IV. The Palace was httle used until Victoria's acces­sion to the throne in 1837. There is a tradition to hold the changing of the guards. The queen's guards are accompanied by a splendid royal orchestra. It takes place in the forecourt daily at 11—and lasts for 30 minutes.

The Port of London is to the east of the City. Here are miles and miles of docks and the great industrial areas that depend upon shipping. This is the East of London, unattractive in appearance, but very important to the country's commerce. Ships up to 6000 tons can come as far as London Bridge, below which is the part of the river called the Pool. You'll be interested to know that London Bridge was originally made of wood and the first stone bridge wasn't built until 1176. It lasted 650 years and became famous for the houses, inns and shops crammed in upon it from end to end. A new London Bridge replaced this in 1931, but you won't find it now either, as it was sold to America in 1972. It was taken there stone by stone to be reassembled as a tourist attraction.

Two other scholars also donated their collections and the museum was opened on the 15 January, 1759, in Montague house. It still occupies the same site. The present building was designed in the neoclassical style by Sir Robert Smirke. The building began in 1824 and it took 30 years to complete. The museum specializes in the history of ancient Mediterranean civilizations and Medieval Europe. There are important displays of antiquities from Egypt, Western Asia, Greece, Rome and the East. Notable exhibits include 13th century Magna Carta, William Shakespeare's first folio published in 1633, the Parthenon sculptures, the Rosetta Stone, Egyptian mummies. Nelson's log book and Scot's last diary. The museum also has important relics from the Aztec empire.

Westminster, with its Palace and Abbey, is six hundred yours younger than St Paul's Cathedral.

Westminster Abbey is regarded as the center of the Westminster Area. It was founded by Edward the Confessor in 1065. It was built in Gothic style and has the biggest nave and magnificent stained glass windows that reflect apostles' lives. Today church services are still held there. Most of the kings and queens of England since William the Conqueror have been crowned here and you may see the ancient Coronation Chair. Many great men have been honored by burial in Westminster Abbey and the church is full of memorials to kings, queens, statesmen, writers, scientists and explorers, all, who have played a part in shaping Britain's history. The most beautiful and oldest part of the Abbey is the Chapel of Henry VII, built at the turn of the XIV century. It is noted for the fan shaped decoration and the animals carved on the seats. There is Poet's Corner in Westminster Abbey. Such poets as Kipling, Blake, Burns were buried there.

There are many old buildings in the Westminster area, including the Houses of Parliament, the palace of law and a masterpiece of architecture. The building of the present Houses of Parliament began in 1840. Its designer was Charles Barry, but Gothic details were made by Purgin Augustin. There are two towers: St. Steven's tower and Victoria's Tower. St Steven's houses the bell called Big Ben. The origin of the name is wrapped in mystery. Some say that it was called after the name of its architector Benjamin Ben, others think that it was called so to commemorate Ben, the famous fighter of that time.

Exercise 56. Translate from Russian into English.

Part A

1. Сегодня наблюдается тенденция, что дети все раньше и раньше учатся пользоваться компьютером.

2. Строительство замка было необходимо. Города начинались с замков.

3. Меня никогда еще не посылали от ворот поворот. Теперь я точно знаю как это обидно.

4. Решение нижней палаты парламента преобладает над решениями верхней палаты, палаты Лордов.

5. Джек считал, что они должны расстаться ненадолго. Ему не хватало разнообразия в отношениях. Он понимал, что хочет большего, но не знал как сказать Мари об этом. Сейчас он понял, что больше не может сдерживать свои чувства.

6. Династия Виндзоров правит Британской империей с начала 20 века. Она берет свое начало с мужа королевы Виктории.

7. Его доклад включает в себя различные темы, связанные с защитой окружающей среды, но вопросы разрушения озонового слоя доминируют. Можно ли сказать, что эта проблема волнует его больше всего?

8. Нам необходимо обсудить различные варианты и отдельно я бы хотел затронуть кадровые вопросы.

Part B

Лондон — политический, экономический и культурный центр Соединенного Королевства Великобритании и Северной Ирландии, столица Англии, самый крупный город на Британских островах с населением 7 556 900 человек (данные на 2007). Название города произошло от латинского слова «Лондиниум». Что же, в свою очередь, обозначало это слово, ученым так и не удалось установить достоверно. Существует множество версий, среди самых популярных — происхождение от латинского Lond (дикое (лесное) место) или от кельтского Llyn (озеро) и Dun (укрепление). В пользу последнего говорит то, что в кельтский период город назывался Llyndid.

Лондон был основан в 43 году н. э. императором Клавдием, во время римского похода в Британию. На протяжении своей истории город пережил множество взлетов и падений, многократно уничтожался пожарами и отстраивался заново, переживал эпидемии и переходил из рук в руки: он принадлежал римлянам, бриттам, викингам, французам.

В Средние века Лондон был достаточно крупным городом и важным торговым центром. Процесс развития города пошел семимильными шагами с приходом к власти династии Тюдоров: строились церкви, больницы, театры. В XVII веке, пережив очередной грандиозный пожар и еще одну трагическую эпидемию чумы, Лондон становится финансовым сердцем мира, чему немало способствует открытие в Лондоне Банка Англии.

В 1707 году Лондон становится столицей Великобритании — государства, созданного посредством объединения Англии и Шотландии. Пострадав от бомбардировок в период Первой и Второй мировой войн, от последствий Великой депрессии, от экологической трагедии, называемой «Великим смогом», Лондон приостановил свое развитие,

Несмотря на то, что Лондону почти 2000 лет, в архитектуре города сохранилось немного свидетельств его почтенного возраста: практически нет античных руин, средневековых улочек и пышных дворцов Возрождения. Немного найдется в нем сооружений, имеющих возраст более 400 лет. И все же история, пульс веков и национальный характер чувствуется в облике Лондона, как ни в одном другом мегаполисе мира, делая британскую столицу желанной целью абсолютно всех путешественников.